What do you do when you come across a medical emergency? If you’re like most bystanders, you watch and wait until someone else takes action. But for the few who step in, their response can mean the difference between life and death. On average, it takes first responders about seven minutes to arrive and begin care. In a high-traffic area, that wait could stretch longer. In remote areas with limited EMS coverage, you could be looking at 30 minutes or more before help arrives. That means you may be the only line of support during that critical window.
According to the American Heart Association, for every minute CPR is delayed, the chances of surviving a cardiac arrest drop by 10 percent. In this article, we’ll cover when to call 911, how to speak with the dispatcher, and what to expect when first responders arrive.
OPQRST Pain Assessment Mnemonic
O Onset: When did the pain start? Sudden or gradual?
P Provocation/Palliation: What makes it worse or better?
Q Quality:What does the pain feel like — sharp, dull, stabbing, throbbing?
R Radiation: Does the pain move or stay in one place?
S Severity: On a scale of 1 to 10, how bad is it?
T Time: How long has it been going on? Has it changed?
SAMPLE History Medical Assessment Mnemonic
S Signs/Symptoms: What can you see, and what is the patient feeling? A good place to use OPQRST for pain. A Allergies: To medications, foods, insects, or environmental factors? M Medications: What are they taking: prescription, over the counter, supplements? P Past Medical History: Any chronic conditions, recent surgeries, or major diagnoses? L Last Oral Intake: When and what did they last eat or drink? E Events Leading Up to the Injury or Illness: What was happening before the problem started?
Calling 911
What should you expect when calling 911? The dispatcher will ask for the nature of the emergency and the exact location, so take a moment to identify street signs or nearby landmarks before placing the call. They may also ask for your name and phone number in case the call is disconnected.
Stay on the line until the dispatcher says it’s OK to hang up. In most cases, they’ll stay with you until first responders arrive. If you’re assisting an injured person or handling a medical emergency, it’s fine to switch your phone to speaker or hand it off to someone else. You can also ask a bystander to call 911 while you focus on providing care.
As a general rule, if you’re calling about a police or fire emergency, it’s usually best not to rush in. Avoid putting yourself in harm’s way and becoming a second casualty. For medical emergencies, though, there are several ways you can help before EMS arrives.
If you have no medical training, stay on the line with the 911 dispatcher. They can walk you through what to do. At the very least, you can provide updates on any changes in the person’s condition. If you do have some training, offer help based on your comfort level. Even if you’re unsure, keeping the injured person calm by talking to them and distracting them from their condition can make a difference.
Have you considered what to do if 911 services aren’t available? An electromagnetic pulse or natural disaster could knock out all communication systems, including dispatch. In a fire emergency, you may need to send someone directly to the firehouse. That takes time, and time may not be on your side. Hopefully, the fire stays contained, and no one is trapped inside.
If it’s a police emergency, you’ll have to rely on verbal de-escalation and conflict management. With any luck, you won’t need to fall back on combatives or weapons training to stop the threat. In a medical emergency, you do what you can — keep the person stable, communicate with them, and wait for help to arrive. Training for all three scenarios — fire, law enforcement, and medical — should be a priority. It can make all the difference when systems fail.
YOU are the Pre-First Responder
There are many situations where medical or ambulance assistance might be needed. These range from individual emergencies — like chest pain, difficulty breathing, or signs of a stroke — to incidents involving multiple casualties, such as a vehicle pileup. If you’re first on the scene or simply the first willing to act, there are a few steps you can take to help.
Start by assessing the scene for safety. Make sure you aren’t putting yourself or others at further risk. Once the area is secure, begin evaluating each patient. In trauma situations, I prefer to use the MARCH mnemonic: Massive hemorrhage, Airway, Respirations, Circulation, Head/Hypothermia. Stop major bleeding with a tourniquet before moving on to other casualties. If you reach the circulation step and find an unconscious patient, direct a bystander to begin CPR if appropriate. While they focus on that patient, continue assessing others.
In mass casualty scenarios, I recommend using a triage system with color designations. Green is for the walking wounded. Yellow indicates delayed care — these patients need attention but can wait without serious harm. Red is for those needing immediate intervention, as they’re unlikely to survive without it. Black is for those who have already died or are expected not to survive. In these cases, instruct some of the green-coded individuals to stay with the black-coded patients and provide comfort care.
When EMS Arrives
Emergency medical teams will perform their own assessments upon arrival. In a mass casualty situation, direct them to the red triage group first, as those individuals need immediate transport by ambulance. One tool EMTs and paramedics often use is the SAMPLE mnemonic: Signs/Symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past medical history, Last oral intake, and Events leading up to the injury or illness. This is especially useful for single-patient assessments, though it becomes harder to apply in large-scale incidents. If you’ve applied a tourniquet, record the time and location on the body. If CPR was started, note the time it began.
Another helpful tool is OPQRST, which is used to assess pain. It stands for Onset, Provocation/Palliation, Quality, Radiation, Severity, and Time. These questions can help paint a clearer picture of the patient’s condition and guide further care. Once first responders arrive, ask how you can assist. Step back when needed and always defer to those with greater training or medical authority.
When Law Enforcement Arrives
Reasons to call for police assistance can include an active crime, violence against an individual, a burglary, or a traffic accident. In situations where law enforcement is needed, it’s usually best not to get directly involved. Your role is to observe and report. If a crime has occurred, try to gather a detailed description of the offender. Note their approximate height, weight, skin tone, hair and eye color, clothing, and direction of travel. If a vehicle is involved, record the color, make, model, and license plate — including the issuing state. Count how many people were involved.
When you call 911, be ready to give your exact location, the nature of the emergency, your name, your phone number, and everything you’ve observed. Don’t be surprised if a responding officer follows up to include your statement in their report.
When the Fire Department Arrives
Fire departments typically respond to calls involving smoke, fire, gas leaks, or downed power lines. Many departments also have EMTs on staff who can assist with medical emergencies. If you’re inside a building where there’s smoke or fire, you might be tempted to grab a fire extinguisher or smother the flames yourself. But remember, a fire can double in size every minute. If it’s anything more than a small kitchen mishap, don’t try to fight it. Get out immediately. Don’t waste time gathering valuables. In the case of a gas leak, leave the building and move well away from the property. Stay out until officials say it’s safe to return.
When calling 911, be ready to give the exact address and describe the emergency — whether it’s smoke, visible fire, a gas leak, or something else. They may also ask about the fire’s location and whether anyone is trapped inside. After firefighters arrive, you may be asked for details about what happened. Above all, never re-enter a building that’s on fire or filled with smoke. Conditions change fast, and going back inside could cost you your life.
Color Code for Mass Casualty Triage
RED: (Immediate) Immediate care and transport (e.g., open fractures, chest wounds)
YELLOW: (Delayed) An injury that may need attention, but that can be delayed without significant harm to the patient (e.g., stable single organ wounds, CNS injuries)
BLACK: (Expectant) Deceased or those who are expected not to survive their injuries (e.g., unresponsive, high spinal cord injuries)
In Summary
Clear communication is critical when relaying information to first responders — EMS, police, or fire. The accuracy and detail you provide can literally be the difference between life and death. Never underestimate the value of your observations. Don’t stand by and watch. Help where you can. The best way to prepare is through training, especially in basic medical skills. There are courses available across the country and online that can give you the knowledge to act confidently when it counts. You might be the reason someone survives.
Grinding through a full week at the office or jobsite can wear anyone down, especially when you’re trying to stay motivated for long weekends in the wild. There’s nothing wrong with enjoying the A/C, kicking back by the pool, or cracking open a cold one when the workweek ends — you’ve earned it. But don’t lose sight of the bigger picture. Those 40-plus hours pay for something more: the freedom to pack up and get out there. We’ve put together a collection of gear to make the daily grind a little easier and help stoke your excitement for that next escape the moment you break away from the blacktop and return to real ground.
When you think of a hard-use or tactical watch, the first thing your mind’s eye conjures is probably something big and clunky. In reality, when you look at the men and women out in the field getting after it, you’ll often spot something much lower profile and more streamlined. The Jakkal takes inspiration from classic field watches of the 1950s through the 1970s, more specifically, those worn during the Rhodesian Bush Wars. Its tenacious 38mm PVD-coated case is made from 316L stainless steel for corrosion resistance and all-around resilience.
A screw-down crown ensures the entire package stays watertight. With a smaller case size, legibility becomes even more important, and the domed sapphire crystal delivers; it’s incredibly clear and nearly impossible to scratch. If you’re putting your gear through daily punishment on the job, you need a watch that stands up to recoil, impact, altitude, and submersion. That’s where quartz shines. When missing your mark isn’t an option, reliability matters. For that reason, the Swiss Ronda 713 quartz movement was chosen. Built for high-stress environments and trusted for its durability, the 713 feels right at home inside the Jakkal.
County Comm BIG – Industrial Strength Survival Food Grade Tin and Kydex Belt Holster
You can’t go wrong by starting with a topo design on the cover of your survival gear. Great for minimalist hiking or as an urban survival tin, the BIG Industrial Strength Survival Food Grade Tin is perfectly sized to keep your packing focused on what you need, not what you want. Use it as an escape and evasion kit, a fire-starting kit, a small ouch pouch, or just a Skittles stash. The crush-proof construction offers peace of mind, knowing your gear stays safe during rough travel or over rugged terrain.
Because it’s made with food-grade materials, you can store a compact cache of calorie-dense food or, in a pinch, boil small amounts of water for survival. One of our favorite field hacks is to drop in a couple of tea candles and use it to create a bit of warmth under a poncho while leaning against a tree on cold, rainy nights. The 4x4x2-inch tin fits securely in a handmade Kydex Belt Holster, which comes with a 1.5-inch removable belt clip. It’s simple, sturdy, and built with just the right amount of space to do the job without overcomplicating it.
We know. The coffee at work tastes like burnt garbage. But short of hauling in your own coffee pot from home, what are you supposed to do about it? You’re going to take our advice and get yourself an AeroPress Go. The AeroPress Go is about the size of a standard 12- to 15-ounce coffee mug and is completely self-contained inside its own cup, capped with a lid. Under that lid, you’ll find a scoop, a folding stir stick, paper filters in a clamshell case, the chamber, plunger, and cup.
All you need to provide is your favorite coffee and some hot water. This compact setup is perfect for brewing American or espresso-style coffee, and it can even handle cold brew. No more bitter, burnt-tasting sludge. You can now make great coffee one cup at a time, wherever you are. After a stretch of rigorous (and highly caffeinated) testing, we found that the quality of the brew led to a 30-percent reduction in our usual coffee intake, while keeping focus, energy, and morale high. Turns out, better coffee really does mean better performance.
Anthony Bourdain once said something along the lines of, “You don’t need a big knife, just a sharp one.” That’s exactly what you’re getting with the Mini Bugout 533SL-10. A sleek Woodland Green anodized aluminum handle is paired with a tight-fitting black oxide deep-carry ambi-pocket clip to always keep this trusty sidekick close. With an overall length of 6.49 inches and a blade length of 2.82 inches, you’ve got just enough real estate to stay in control during detailed tasks.
The Mini Bugout shines indoors for daily cutting jobs and holds its own outdoors making kindling, field dressing small game or fish, and handling carving work. Weighing just 2 ounces, it earns its name as a true lightweight companion. The CPM S90V clip-point blade offers plenty of utility across a range of tasks, though you won’t be striking a ferro rod with it — the Crushed Silver Cerakote coating prevents that. Benchmade offers the Mini Bugout in a variety of colors and handle materials, with prices ranging from $180 for the Grivory composite models to $320 for the premium carbon-fiber version.
This Australian import is packed with features you’d expect from a proper “do-it-all” bush knife. With an overall length of 11.22 inches, this thing is an absolute beast. Once your fingers wrap around the G10 grip scales, you’ll feel like you could kill a tank with it. The CPM 3V blade includes a generous amount of jimping, smartly placed at the thumb ramp and at both the top and bottom of the heel for added friction in a reverse grip. Halfbreed added a sizable fuller to help reduce blade friction and lighten the overall weight — a smart move, considering the LBK Gen-2 comes in at 17.46 ounces.
It rides in a Kydex sheath that can be worn either in a scout (parallel) or traditional (perpendicular) carry. It ships with two MOLLE clips to accommodate various mounting setups. The included ferro rod is noticeably small for a blade this size but stays tucked out of the way when you’re deep in the bush. After extended use in the field, we haven’t found the LBK Gen-2 to be lacking in any department. Cheers, mate!
Designed and manufactured from recycled materials in Montana, the Pack Table is a versatile addition to round out your pack loadout. We’ve found it does its best work fireside, keeping card games and meals out of the dirt and mud. Made from rugged polypropylene, the tabletop features a textured cement gray finish and is held together with a shock cord system like how tent poles are strung. Independently adjustable blaze orange legs move in 1-inch increments from 5 to 8 inches.
With stability in mind, Crazy Creek added a spring-assisted opening system to keep the legs locked open when under load. That means you’ll always have a stable surface for your late-night drinks or early morning coffee. To save space and weight, the table packs down to just 6 by 6 by 2 inches and tips the scale at only 19 ounces. For something so small, it pulls a lot of weight. You’ll have no trouble justifying its place in your kit.
Staying hydrated during strenuous activity is crucial, but so is ensuring your water is safe. The Grayl system makes this easy with a smart, streamlined design. Scoop water with the outer cup, keeping the lid and mouthpiece clean. The 24-ounce inner cup, fitted with a base filter, slides in. Just loosen the cap, press down, and clean water is ready in seconds.
It’s effective for everything from rivers to sketchy tap water, making it great for travel, backcountry trips, or emergency kits. Each filter lasts about 350 uses or 65 gallons.
LuminAID delivered big with their incredibly well-designed collapsible LED lantern. You can charge it via solar or plug it into the wall to make sure it’s ready when needed. The Titan uses air pressure to keep the package both collapsed and upright — a surprisingly clever design. The body of the lantern twists 90 degrees to either expand or collapse. To start the process, just pull the airtight, tethered plug on the bottom. This allows air to quickly fill the lens. Once inflated, replace the plug to keep the light standing.
To collapse it, simply reverse the process. Did we mention this device will also charge your phone? The Titan houses an extra-large 4000mAh battery capable of charging most phones two to three times. If your priority is seeing in the dark, you’re covered. The Titan runs up to 100 hours and pushes out as much as 300 lumens. It also features both red and white light modes, depending on your needs. Best of all, it holds a charge on the shelf for over two years, making it a solid option for everything from backpacking trips to blackout kits.
Built to meet the demands of the 18 Charlie — U.S. Special Forces Engineer Sergeants — this bag is ready for changing missions and tough conditions. The Charlie Load-Out Bag lays flat when opened, with loop Velcro throughout the interior to secure the included four 9×10-inch and two 15×7-inch hook-backed, windowed pouches.
It works well as checked luggage, for a shoot house class, or anything in between. At roughly 30 inches tall, 18 inches wide, and 16 inches deep, it holds a serious load, made manageable by integrated rollers. A removable admin pouch tops it off, ideal for small essentials. Available in Black, Coyote, and Multicam.
In the heat of a tragic event, you don’t want to be scrambling to come up with a potentially life-saving course of action. When the game is for all the marbles, you want a solid plan already in place and rehearsed. M.A.D. Gear has designed a well-thought-out Contingency Planner to help you think through multiple scenarios before they unfold. The planner walks you through building an exfil (escape) plan, using an authentication table, card of the day, cipher table, and other helpful references and checklists.
The pages are made from a proprietary synthetic material that’s extremely durable, waterproof, and easy to write, draw, or glue on. Not using a traditional three-ring binder — or worse, a spiral binding — is a smart move on M.A.D. Gear’s part. Three-ring binders tend to break, and spirals get crushed or make turning pages a pain. Instead, the pages are loose and held together with dual ring clips, making it easy to reorganize or remove what you need. These aren’t fragile sheets; they’re not even paper. They’re built to withstand use in the field when failure isn’t an option.
To keep your pistol out of the hands of people who shouldn’t have access, you could go with a giant safe if you wanted. But, in my opinion, the best place to store your handgun is in its holster and on your person. When that’s not ideal, especially when hanging around the house, I favor the StopBox. No batteries to die, no beeping to give you away, and no fumbling with keys or spinning dials while under stress. The StopBox uses a mechanical locking system operated by a combination of five ergonomically placed buttons, keeping curious fingers out while still giving you fast access.
The criteria for a good safe are simple: it needs to offer quick, repeatable access while keeping the contents secure. The StopBox checks both boxes. It’s built from a high-impact resistant, glass-reinforced polycarbonate-ABS blend and reinforced with steel where it counts. Lightweight, portable, and completely mechanical, the StopBox is a smart option when you want fast access without relying on electronics. Perfect for home, travel, or anywhere you might temporarily stage your handgun when it’s not riding on your belt.
It’s getting to be that time of year again. Time to hit the hillsides and open spaces to do a little scouting for your fall game of choice. Sure, you can glass with a solid pair of binoculars — and I often do — but for my money, nothing beats a quality angled spotting scope. Riton delivers the performance of larger, heavier scopes in a package that’s much lighter than you’d expect. Measuring approximately 12.7 inches in length and weighing just 2.75 pounds, this is an optic you won’t leave behind.
The adjustable zoom eyepiece provides solid eye relief, even at extended distances, and the focus stays steady as you increase magnification. The tripod mount uses a standard threaded base, the same commonly found on optics and cameras. That opens the door to a wide variety of mounting options, especially when paired with a conversion base. And when the sun threatens to cook you out of your perfect glassing spot, you won’t be out of luck. The 5 Primal comes with a built-in, twist-out sunshade that extends or retracts with ease. This is a well-balanced scope that’s ready to work when you are.
No matter how long you’ve been spending time in the field, you’re never going to enjoy sitting on cold, wet, or scorching ground. Taking a knee to start a fire or knock out a camp task is always better when you’ve got a little extra comfort. Tuff Possum delivered just that in a lightweight, waterproof, and rugged package. The Multipurpose Sit Pad (MSP) weighs only 4 ounces, including the closed-cell foam insert. With a surface area of 17.5 by 11 inches, and a half inch of thickness, the MSP offers just enough cushion to get the job done.
It doesn’t just keep you dry while sitting or kneeling, it also insulates against hot or cold surfaces. In a pinch, you could lay on it and keep your core off the ground, minimizing thermal loss. A Velcro closure seals the pad inside, but you can pull it out and use the cover as a stash bag, or stuff it with local vegetation to create a makeshift pillow. Every version includes a blaze orange panel on one side for signaling. Available in solid colors and patterns like Multicam, Nemesis Woodland Wolf, Ranger Green, and more.
Lightweight, flexible, breathable, wind-resistant, and quick to dry, the Incline Pants by Rab check all the right boxes. Built from midweight Matrix softshell fabric, they’re deceptively tough. We’ve put in long days wearing these in the field, doing hard work, and, so far, not a single rip or tear. All pockets are zippered with internal mesh to speed up drying. A long-gusseted crotch runs from knee to knee, helping you stay mobile, and drawstring cuffs let you cinch things down when the wind kicks up or when ticks are an issue.
Six belt loops spaced around the waistband accept belts up to 1.5 inches wide, just in case you forgot you’re not lounging in pajamas. The Inclines come in five solid colors: Army, Beluga, Deep Ink, Olive, and Tempest Blue. And thanks to a generous amount of built-in stretch, you don’t need to stress about a perfect fit. Available in sizes from small to XXL and three inseam options: short, regular, and long. They’re built to work, but comfortable enough to live in.
Over the course of the cold months, you got used to the comfort and utility of a hoodie. Just because the mercury is on the rise doesn’t mean that cozy feeling must come to an end. WETWRX has just released their Summer Combat Hoodie (SCH). It’s made from 250D polyester mesh, meaning the SCH holds in zero body heat, absorbs no water, and helps wick away moisture. In fact, the SCH is meant to be added over the top of a wicking system to keep you cool, while also keeping your skin covered, camouflaged, protected from biting insects, and shielded from UV exposure.
While the mesh grid is wide enough to provide plenty of air circulation, we also found it shines as the base for an impromptu ghillie suit by weaving in local vegetation or some jute if you’ve got it on hand. Since 250D poly mesh is tough enough to belly crawl across the forest floor, there is no stretch to this material. Make sure you order your sizing appropriately. At launch, WETWRX is offering the SCH in Coyote, Multicam, and Ranger Green. It’s a hoodie built for summer, not sweating.
But I don’t have any reason to camouflage my pack, you might be thinking. Well, think again. More people are carrying backpacks in public places. We’ve found scrims come in especially handy when needing to enter small, locally owned stores that don’t allow backpacks due to theft concerns. It’s easy to duck off somewhere, pull the scrim from your pack, cover it, and stash it in nearby vegetation, keeping it out of sight from passersby. In more rural settings, the Pack Husk does more than mute colors.
It breaks up the outline and shape of your pack and conceals those uniquely human forms that catch the eye, reducing your visual signature. OPE Gear laser-cuts 500D Cordura for their scrim products, making them tear-proof, uniform, lightweight, and tough. OPE Gear’s material is also NIR compliant, anti-glare and shine, UV resistant, and resistant to mold and water. The Pack Husk fits pack sizes from 10 to 30 liters, with a shock cord drawstring to keep things snug. Available in a dozen different camouflage patterns and three solid colors. Simple concept, clever execution.
“Bad for running. Worse for fighting.” That’s been the motto of Combat Flip Flops since day one, until now. The Shadow Ban breaks that mold. Don’t let the low-profile design fool you. These aren’t just lifestyle sneakers. They’re front-line capable footwear disguised as everyday lace-ups. What looks like an ordinary pair of casual high-tops is actually duty-grade workwear with attitude. It all starts with the proprietary “Sticky AF” outsole, delivering serious traction. That’s backed by a custom EVA midsole offering real arch support and lasting comfort. A reinforced leather toe cap and tongue give you the protection you need on the job or in the field. And the rugged canvas upper pulls it all together.
This is a door-kicker that doesn’t back down and doesn’t quit. Eight eyelets stretch from the forefoot to above the malleolus, creating a snug, even fit from top to bottom. It’s only available in whole sizes, but the updated design gives you extra room where it counts, especially in the toe box. If you’re between sizes, go up. You won’t regret it. A lifetime warranty backs the quality you’d expect from CFF. Right now, they’re only offered in black — just the way we like it.
Top Picks
As summer starts to wind down across much of the U.S., we can expect large swings in daily temperatures. With that in mind, we chose the Rab Incline Pants and WETWRX Summer Combat Hoodie as our two standout products. When it comes to spending long days outside, it’s critical to shield yourself from the elements and stay comfortable while doing it.
Rab’s Incline Pants are lightweight and highly functional. Just as comfortable navigating a crowded airport as they are moving along a ridgeline, they’re a versatile addition to any wardrobe or kit. The WETWRX Summer Combat Hoodie is equally impressive. Built from durable 250D mesh, it allows airflow to keep you cool while keeping the sun and biting insects off your skin. It doesn’t hold moisture, making it ideal for high-output activity. Its utility goes beyond personal wear — it can double as camouflage or be used to conceal gear from view. We’ve even tested it as the base for an improvised ghillie suit.
At the time the photos were taken for our “Top Two,” temps hit 93 degrees F with 67-percent humidity. The gear kept us comfortable and dry and, notably, bite-free. These two earn their place in the field.
Communicating during a disaster is incredibly challenging. Even in everyday situations, communication is a complex process for anyone involved in an exchange. Add the stress and urgency of a crisis, and things can go wrong quickly. In times of disaster, human beings often struggle to absorb life-saving information effectively. We process messages differently under pressure, retain little of it, and respond unpredictably. In fact, during such high-stress moments, people often revert to simpler levels of understanding, meaning the information shared must be clear and simple enough for a sixth-grader to grasp.
Crisis communication should be approached from both the perspective of the listener and the spokesperson. According to the latest Gallup Poll, only 20 percent of U.S. citizens expressed a fair amount of trust in the federal government, while others may feel completely neglected. For emergency responders, understanding these challenges is crucial in bridging communication gaps and building trust with the public. So, how can emergency response agencies effectively deliver life-saving information to their audiences? And equally important, how can those audiences remain open to receiving and acting on that information when their decisions may be a matter of life or death?
Community trust is vital in crisis communications; it helps ensure that the public follows safety instructions and cooperates with emergency responders. During a disaster, transparent, honest, and consistent messaging fosters trust, reducing panic and confusion, and empowering communities to stay resilient and respond effectively to the crisis.
Clear & Accurate Communication
Effective disaster communication is vital to ensuring the safety, well-being, and recovery of affected communities. When disaster strikes, it is the timely, clear, and accurate communication from response agencies that can mean the difference between life and death. The primary goal of disaster communication is to provide residents with the information they need to protect themselves and take appropriate action.
Clear communication is necessary to keep the public informed of risks and safety instructions such as evacuation orders as seen during Hurricane Katrina. In times of crisis, emotions are high, and the ability to quickly deliver concise and accurate messages helps prevent confusion and panic. Miscommunication or delays in disseminating information can have devastating effects, as people may not receive the necessary warnings to take life-saving measures in time.
STRAWBERRY, CALIFORNIA, UNITED STATES – 2021/08/26: View of burning trees as the Caldor Fire grows to the Tahoe...
Risks of Poor Communication
The consequences of poor communication during a disaster are severe and multifaceted. Misinformation is one of the most dangerous byproducts of ineffective communication. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, rumors and contradictory information spread through the affected regions, leading to confusion about the scale of the disaster and evacuation plans. In some cases, local authorities were slow to issue clear warnings, and public confusion led to people being caught off-guard by the waves resulting in thousands of avoidable deaths.
Panic is another significant risk associated with poor communication. When people don’t receive accurate or timely information, they may make irrational decisions driven by fear, such as attempting to flee in an uncoordinated manner or ignoring evacuation orders altogether. This chaos not only jeopardizes their safety but also complicates the efforts of emergency responders who are trying to help. The good news is that panic is not as common as we may believe during a disaster. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), “Panic during disasters is much less common than people tend to believe.” The National Research Council report titled “Disaster and the Community” from 2011 confers with the APA and states that “studies of mass disasters consistently show that, rather than panic, most people exhibit calm, cooperative behavior.” While this is all good news, it is important for communicators to always hope for the best yet plan for the worst as they traverse down a potential rabbit hole of deep distress.
Adding to potential problems, delays in communication, or failure to relay clear instructions, can result in delayed responses to critical needs such as medical assistance. A lack of coherent information about where to find supplies or how to get to safety can leave people stranded or without resources, exacerbating the disaster’s impact. Past disasters provide ample evidence of how communication failures can amplify the devastation. Take, for example, Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Poor communication from government officials and agencies led to widespread confusion and inefficiencies in evacuations and rescue operations. Many people in New Orleans did not receive timely warnings about the severity of the storm or the need to evacuate, particularly in low income or predominantly African American neighborhoods. As a result, thousands were left stranded in dangerous conditions, with inadequate resources and no clear guidance on where to seek refuge. Recognizing the diverse needs of a community is essential for effective disaster communication. Communities are often made up of individuals from various cultural, demographic, and linguistic backgrounds. Understanding this diversity allows emergency responders to communicate in ways that resonate with all members, ensuring that life-saving information reaches everyone. Cultural norms and values can influence how people perceive authority figures or how they respond to directives. Some populations may have a mistrust of government agencies, while others may be more reliant on community leaders. By acknowledging these differences, emergency responders can tailor their messaging to increase receptivity and ensure a unified, effective response.
Crisis communication during a disaster is incredibly stressful as responders must balance the urgency of delivering accurate information with the need to manage public fear and confusion. The pressure to make quick decisions, handle misinformation, and coordinate with multiple agencies can be overwhelming. Clear, calm communication is essential to ensuring safety and maintaining public trust amid chaos.
Before the Disaster
Community engagement is critical for building a foundation of trust and preparedness before disaster strikes. Emergency responders should establish ongoing relationships with community organizations and residents, ensuring that they are well-informed about available resources and emergency procedures. Pre-disaster outreach, such as education campaigns, help to familiarize the public with the necessary actions they must take during a crisis while also reinforcing the credibility of emergency agencies.
The more involved and informed a community is ahead of time, the more likely individuals will feel prepared and empowered to respond effectively when disaster occurs. By prioritizing engagement, responders can also identify unique community needs or vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Tailored preparedness programs can then be developed to ensure that all residents are equipped with the right tools to protect themselves during a disaster.
Building Trust & Transparency
Trust is fundamental to disaster communication. If emergency responders have not established a strong, transparent relationship with the community before a crisis, their messages may not be taken seriously or followed. Building trust is a long-term effort that involves consistent, honest communication and active involvement in the community throughout normal times. Dr. Barbara Reynolds is a retired deputy director of external affairs with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and wrote the book on Crisis & Emergency Risk Communications. She informs us that “it’s vital to make an emotional and psychological connection with your audience at the initial stages of the disaster that’s occurring, especially if you’re back at a headquarters doing something that’s got your attention focused elsewhere. It’s an investment in both your community and communication to make sure that you’re doing the best you can to keep them informed and develop that trust-based relationship with them.”
By engaging with local leaders, listening to the concerns of the public, and demonstrating a genuine commitment to residents’ well-being, responders can create an environment where the public is more likely to heed warnings and take the necessary steps for safety when a disaster occurs. Effective disaster communication is a critical element in saving lives and reducing the overall impact of a crisis. To ensure that people can make informed decisions, emergency responders must adhere to key principles that guide the way information is disseminated. The principles of timeliness, clarity, consistency, actionable information, credibility, and the use of multiple communication channels are essential for effective communication and community safety.
Timely and factual communication is essential during a disaster to provide clear guidance and ensure public safety....
Timeliness: Real-Time Updates
One of the most important aspects of disaster communication is timeliness. In emergencies, situations evolve rapidly, and residents need real-time updates to make informed decisions. Regardless of the disaster, timely communication allows people to understand the current situation and take immediate action. Delays in providing updates can cause unnecessary risks, as communities may not be able to prepare or evacuate in time. Providing constant updates through reliable channels, even when new information is minimal, helps reassure the community and encourages proactive safety measures.
Clarity: Simple, Clear Language
Clarity in communication is crucial, especially during a disaster when emotions are high, and people are under stress. Complex or technical language can confuse or overwhelm the audience, increasing the risk of individuals missing vital information or misinterpreting warnings. Emergency communication should be straightforward, avoiding jargon or unnecessarily complicated terminology. Instead of saying, “Evacuate to the designated shelter area,” a clearer message would be, “Go to the school gymnasium on Maple Street for shelter.” The use of simple, action-oriented language helps ensure that everyone, regardless of education level or background, understands the message and knows exactly what they need to do to stay safe.
Consistency: Avoiding Confusion
Consistency is another fundamental principle of effective disaster communication. During a crisis, conflicting messages from different authorities can lead to confusion and chaos. It is crucial that all sources (local, state, and federal agencies) deliver consistent and unified messages. This helps ensure that people are not receiving mixed signals, which can cause them to act in contradictory ways. If local government authorities issue an evacuation order while a federal agency reports that conditions are not yet dangerous, the public might be left unsure of how to respond. Having clear communication protocols in place and ensuring coordination between agencies is key to maintaining consistency during a disaster.
Actionable Info: Providing Practical Steps
Disaster communication should provide clear, actionable information that allows people to take the necessary steps to protect themselves. Warnings are important, but they need to be accompanied by specific instructions on what to do. Telling people to “evacuate immediately” or “take shelter” is not enough. Specifically telling your audience to “take shelter in an interior room away from windows” offers a very particular course of action that helps alleviate stress and gives the listener a sense of control and ownership often needed during times of disaster. The clearer the instructions, the less likely people are to hesitate or second-guess their actions during critical moments.
Credibility: Trustworthy Sources
In a crisis, misinformation spreads quickly, especially with the rise of social media. To prevent confusion and panic, it is essential that emergency communication comes from credible and trusted sources. Government agencies, local emergency response teams, and reliable news outlets should always seek to be trustworthy in the eyes of the public so that disaster recommendations are acted upon. Additionally, before disseminating any information, authorities should verify the facts to ensure accuracy. False or unverified information can result in widespread fear or, worse, dangerous actions taken based on incorrect assumptions.
From the viewpoint of the listener, this has become increasingly difficult, if not almost impossible, with political bias prevalent in news agencies today. Randy Retter, an elected sheriff from Wayne County, Indiana, and subject matter expert in safety, relates our need to gain trustworthy sources of information from multiple sources. “When we are encompassed in a digital world, we are only using two of senses, which are sight and sound. In a disaster, all our senses, including our sense to think logically, are available to us. If we’re faced with a situation where we need factual information, even if we’re not completely prepared for it, we’ve got to use most of our senses to often make the best decision on what to trust.
“We don’t always receive that, so we’re forced to make a potentially bad decision based on incomplete information. I’m afraid that’s what’s quickly happening to our nation today.” There may not be a concrete answer to uncover all the facts during a disaster. The most effective way to determine factual information is to perform your own research and get an overarching view of what all news agencies are saying. It’s not perfect, but at least you’re not being spoon-fed information the benefits television ratings and not yourself.
Multiple Channels: Reach a Broad Audience
Finally, leveraging multiple communication channels is essential for reaching as many people as possible. Reynolds continues that “there is an opportunity for us to do a better job of managing the communication loop. It’s important to understand that there are best practices, but there is not just one way to communicate.”
She’s right. In today’s digital age, relying on just one communication method, such as radio or TV, can leave certain segments of the population uninformed. Social media platforms, websites, emergency apps, text messages, and traditional media outlets all play an important role in disseminating information quickly and widely. Social media, for instance, allows emergency responders to post real-time updates, while mobile apps can send push notifications directly to people’s phones. Traditional media like radio and TV are still critical for reaching those without internet access. A multi-channel approach ensures emergency messages are reaching the widest possible audience, especially in communities with varying levels of access to technology.
The effectiveness of disaster communication lies in its timeliness, clarity, consistency, credibility, and actionability. By adhering to these key principles and utilizing multiple communication channels, emergency responders can ensure that their messages reach those in need of information, helping communities stay safe and recover more quickly during and after a crisis.
Post-Disaster & Recovery
Effective communication doesn’t end once the immediate disaster threat has passed. In fact, the recovery and rebuilding phases require just as much, if not more, attention to ensure that communities receive the support they need to heal and rebuild. Ongoing communication during recovery plays a critical role in maintaining public safety. During the recovery phase, it’s essential to continue providing clear and actionable information to the community.
This includes updates on available resources such as shelter, food distribution, financial aid, and mental health services. As communities begin rebuilding, regular communication is needed to share progress, outline safety precautions, and direct people to available resources. If your local road access to certain areas becomes clear, informing residents can help them return home safely. Emergency responders and local authorities must continue to be visible, accessible, and responsive to the evolving needs of the community.
Feedback & Lessons Learned
Another crucial component of post-disaster communication is gathering feedback from the community. After the disaster, emergency agencies should solicit input from residents about the effectiveness of the communication during and after the event. This feedback can be gathered through a variety of means such as surveys and town hall meetings. Analyzing this feedback helps identify areas for improvement, whether it’s the clarity of messaging or the accessibility of resources.
Incorporating lessons learned into future disaster communication plans ensures better preparedness for the next crisis. Post-disaster analysis offers valuable lessons. Past events, like Hurricane Katrina or the California wildfires, have highlighted the importance of timely, clear, and coordinated messaging. Agencies that communicate transparently and consistently build trust and reduce confusion during recovery.
Empowerment & Resilience
Proper communication can also empower individuals and communities to take control of their recovery. When people have access to accurate and timely information, they feel more confident in their ability to rebuild. Empowering the community with knowledge about available assistance fosters resilience. This enables them to recover more quickly and emerge stronger, both emotionally and practically, from the disaster. Effective post-disaster communication not only supports recovery but also helps to build a foundation for long-term resilience in the face of future challenges.
Getting it Right
Effective communication by emergency responders is crucial in ensuring a coordinated and successful response to disasters. When emergency situations arise, clear, accurate, and timely communication can mean the difference between life and death. It enables responders to quickly assess the situation, allocate resources efficiently, and relay critical information to the public and other agencies. Effective communication, however, goes beyond just relaying information.
Disaster communication establishes trust within the community and provides reassurance, thus ensuring that all parties involved are on the same page. This is why ongoing preparedness and training are essential. Responders must regularly engage in communication drills, improve their technical and interpersonal skills, and be committed to honest dialogue in both chaotic and calm times.
When responders communicate transparently and effectively, they build public confidence and facilitate smoother operations on the ground. Disaster communication, performed correctly, creates a foundation of trust that keeps us safe and informed during times of crisis. While not at the forefront of all emergency responders, communicators should fight to find a seat at the planning table. Emergency-based communication truly is the glue that holds disaster response efforts together, fostering a stronger, more prepared community ready to face whatever challenges may arise. When time is essential in saving lives, proper communication is indeed a vital step in getting emergency response right for our safety … and that is what truly matters.
Instructions like “evacuate immediately” or “take shelter” are too vague, and can unintentionally put people in harms way. Instead, “take shelter in an interior room away from windows” is much more precise and affords people a greater chance of survival.
Impact on Vulnerable Populations
Crisis communication is crucial in ensuring that all individuals, especially vulnerable populations, receive timely, accurate, and accessible information during disasters. Vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, individuals with disabilities, non-native speakers, and those with limited access to technology are at higher risk during emergencies, not only due to physical or situational limitations but also because they may face barriers in receiving critical updates.
Accessibility: Crisis communication must ensure that vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, disabled individuals, and non-native speakers, have access to critical information through multiple channels (e.g., radio, text, social media, in-person outreach).
Clear, Simple Messaging: Information should be straightforward, using simple language and visuals to make it easier for everyone to understand, especially those with limited literacy or cognitive abilities.
Language Support: Messages should be translated and include cultural considerations to accommodate non-English speakers or individuals with limited language proficiency. Technology Access: Recognize that some vulnerable individuals may lack access to modern technology, so traditional methods like printed materials or community-based announcements are essential.
Targeted Outreach: Engage with vulnerable populations directly through tailored outreach, such as providing sign language interpreters or dedicated helplines, to ensure they receive necessary guidance during a crisis.
About the Author
Mark Linderman is the owner of Disaster Initiatives, an online company that provides communication leaders with the tools needed to address their communities and the media throughout a crisis, teaching the communicator to approach crisis communication from the listener’s perspective. He is a certified emergency manager (CEM) and 19-year veteran of Public Health. He instructs Crisis & Risk Communication and Disaster Preparedness courses for seven universities, including Indiana University’s Fairbanks School of Public Health. Linderman is considered a subject matter expert in the field of disaster-based communication and is a widely received public speaker and advocate for disaster preparedness.
Modern technology has created numerous ways to keep lines of communication open. Cell phones and tablets keep us connected while on the go, and computers and smart devices make communicating with anyone in the world fast and efficient. All this can happen because of a complex infrastructure of cell phone towers, miles of cables, and submarine fiber connecting the continents.
Even with a vast infrastructure in place, those of us who spend time in the wilderness often encounter places where our mobile devices have no signal. Even many rural areas have spotty and limited coverage despite having an established population. The complex network that keeps our communications lines open is incredibly fragile. Natural disasters, human conflict, and sometimes the simple deterioration of equipment over time can all lead to mass outages of the communications networks we rely on to get in touch with others.
Staying connected is not just important for us socially or for business purposes, it also allows us to contact loved ones in an emergency and get aid from emergency services when needed. There are numerous communications solutions out there. Many require significant skills to use properly and often come with a hefty price tag, which can deter people from establishing vital backup communications.
Fortunately, ZOLEO has created an easy to use and cost-effective option to keep us in touch with not just our loved ones but also provides us access to emergency services and much more.
This palm-sized device packs a lot of power, providing a direct link to emergency personnel, and turns your phone into a satellite-powered text communicator.
What is ZOLEO?
Simply stated, ZOLEO is a text-based satellite communications device that was designed to provide users with the ability to contact others and get help in an emergency when off-grid. It was designed to provide the most vital function of contacting emergency services as a stand-alone device, but by connecting it to a smartphone, opens a wide range of communications services to allow users to connect with people when operating in areas that lack traditional cellular service.
How Does it Work?
ZOLEO operates on the Iridium Satellite Network. The Iridium network is a well-established network that covers 100 percent of the globe and is relied on by individuals, businesses, and governments all over the world. Iridium does not rely on any ground-based infrastructure, allowing connected devices to function in the wilderness, disaster areas, and conflict zones. Iridium’s satellites use low band L frequencies and maintain low earth orbit that continues to be reliable in harsh weather.
ZOLEO takes connection further by also allowing messages to be sent through Wi-Fi and cellular networks when connected to a smart device, allowing for messages to be transmitted in the fastest and most efficient way possible.
The SOS button is covered by a latch door to prevent accidental triggering.
Handling the Harshest Conditions
The ZOLEO is a tiny but mighty device. The durable outer body is designed to handle falls, wet weather, intense summer heat, and the harsh winter cold. It’s rated IP68, meaning it is completely sealed from dust entering the internal components and is rated to withstand water submersion at 1 meter for at least 30 minutes. No matter where you find yourself, the ZOLEO is capable of withstanding whatever challenges Mother Nature throws at it.
Utilizing an internal rechargeable battery, the device has enough juice to keep the device operating for up to eight days while off-grid. The internal battery is protected, minimizing battery power degradation from heat or cold.
ZOLEO devices, as expected, have internal radios to connect to the Iridium network. They also have GPS and GLONASS radios that are commonly found on navigation devices, providing accurate location data up to 8.2 feet under ideal conditions. The device also incorporates Bluetooth to connect to smart devices.
The check-in feature allows you to send a message to preselected individuals with your location.
Stand-Alone Use
Core emergency-use functions do not require a phone connection, meaning you can access help or check in with a loved one even if your phone is lost, damaged, or has no power. The ZOLEO will automatically send a message to preselected numbers, and an SOS button will send a message to emergency services. Thanks to the internal GPS and GLONASS, the device will transmit your location to the intended party via a push of the button.
The SOS button is protected by a small latch door that must be lifted before activation, helping prevent accidental use. Once pressed, the unit will emit a red LED light to confirm the message has been received by emergency services. If triggered unintentionally, the SOS can be canceled within the first 10 seconds by holding the button down for 5 seconds. A green LED will appear to indicate that the “all clear” signal has been sent.
When the SOS message is triggered, it connects with emergency services and sends location-based alerts to your preselected contacts. While staying put is usually best in a wilderness emergency, there are times — due to weather, flash flooding, or aggressive wildlife — when you may need to move. The ZOLEO team accounted for this in the SOS design, ensuring it continues to transmit updated location data every six minutes. This provides rescuers with real-time tracking, even if your situation forces you to relocate.
To facilitate SOS messages, ZOLEO partners with Global Rescue, an organization that operates in over 200 countries. When an SOS is triggered, Global Rescue communicates directly with the nearest emergency services or wilderness first responders in your area to coordinate and dispatch the help you need as quickly as possible.
The Medical Assist feature allows you to get in touch with medical professionals while off-grid. This feature comes as a standard part of all ZOLEO plans.
Smartphone Synergy
As a stand-alone device, ZOLEO gives you essential emergency communication and the ability to check in with preselected contacts. But when paired with a smartphone, it really shines. ZOLEO offers a free app for both Apple and Android devices that lets you adjust settings, install software updates, and send messages via satellite. The app also imports your phone’s contacts, allowing you to text directly from ZOLEO’s dedicated phone number or email from your customizable ZOLEO email address. This integration turns your phone into a full-featured satellite communicator while keeping you connected when cell service is unreliable or nonexistent.
The app also supports the SOS feature. Unlike stand-alone mode, it allows you to engage in text-based chat with Global Rescue personnel. Just like the device alone, accidental SOS activation can be canceled if triggered unintentionally, and your location will continue to update every six minutes. This ensures emergency services receive real-time tracking, whether you’re stationary or on the move.
Another valuable text-based feature is Medical Assist. This service connects you with doctors to discuss medical issues or injuries that don’t require an emergency extraction while off-grid. In my opinion, this is one of the most useful features available. I always recommend that anyone spending time in the outdoors pursue Wilderness First Aid or Wilderness First Responder training. But the reality is only a small percentage do. Even with training, situations can arise that go beyond what’s covered in those courses. Having 24/7 access to medical advice from licensed professionals can help manage everything from minor injuries to waterborne illnesses while you’re still in the field. Best of all, there’s no extra charge for this service. In some cases, it might even help you avoid unnecessary medical bills once you return to civilization. It’s peace of mind that pulls its weight.
The app also includes a section for weather information based on your current location. While this might be an afterthought in day-to-day life, in the wilderness, accurate local forecasts can be critical. Knowing what’s coming allows you to plan movements, avoid areas prone to flash flooding, and stay ahead of unexpected severe weather — all of which can make the difference between a smooth trip and a dangerous one.
Both the ZOLEO unit and app give you access to the SOS feature, but when using the app you can have text-based communication with emergency dispatch personnel.
Practical Uses
We covered how the ZOLEO works, but let’s cover a few of the practical applications of this versatile communications device:
In the Wilderness
The ZOLEO was built to be a reliable communication device when navigating the wilderness. Most remote areas have little or no cell service, and even smaller trail systems in rural regions can leave you disconnected fast. Staying in touch with family at home or members of your group while operating off-grid is important. ZOLEO provides that capability in a compact, nearly indestructible package.
Beyond basic communication, ZOLEO offers a lifeline to potentially lifesaving medical and emergency services. Emergencies are not limited to remote regions. They can just as easily happen in local state parks or small preserves. Two miles down, a trail can feel like a very long way if you or someone in your group can’t walk. ZOLEO helps bridge the gap between convenience and safety, offering peace of mind no matter how far you are from the nearest signal tower.
Not just for the wilderness, ZOLEO makes a great addition to an urban survival kit so that communication can continue if the grid is down.
The Concrete Jungle
The ZOLEO may have been built for the wilderness, but it’s just as useful during grid-down scenarios and other emergency situations in urban environments. We know our communication systems are fragile. Weather events and natural disasters can damage infrastructure and cut off traditional methods of communication. But if ZOLEO has a clear view of the sky, it can continue to transmit messages.
Access to medical professionals and the SOS feature can be lifesaving in an urban survival emergency, especially if you’re injured, trapped, or otherwise unable to move. ZOLEO gives you a direct line out when everything else goes dark.
Travel Safety & Security
Road trips can be fun, but an unexpected breakdown, medical emergency, or accident in a remote area becomes a serious problem if you don’t have cell service. Being able to contact others in these moments can save valuable time and help get the right services to your location quickly. Using your cell phone while traveling abroad can also be expensive. ZOLEO works in over 200 countries, giving users the ability to communicate without relying on an international cell plan. It also provides access to emergency services if needed, making it a smart travel companion no matter where you’re headed.
The charging port is protected by a durable sealed latch to keep water, dirt, and grime out.
Pricing & Additional Services
The MSRP of the ZOLEO is $199, placing it on the lower end of the cost spectrum for satellite communication devices. Like all reliable sat-com options, ZOLEO uses a tiered subscription plan. Pricing starts at $20 per month for users who plan to send 75 messages or fewer and goes up to $50 per month for those who need unlimited messaging. All plans include a dedicated phone number and email address, unlimited check-in messages, SOS services, and access to Medical Assist.
One optional add-on is Enhanced Check-In, which provides selected contacts with a breadcrumb trail of your movement. This service adds $6 per month to your subscription. Another optional feature is the Field Rescue Membership, which covers up to $50,000 of the cost of a single rescue and hospital transport. As with most insurance-type offerings, there are limitations and conditions in the fine print. However, the additional $40 per year is significantly cheaper than footing the bill for a wilderness extraction on your own.
The ZOLEO can be easily attached to your pack or gear, ensuring it is always in reach if you need it.
Final Thoughts
Cell phones have become the standard for communication around the world, but they’ve proven time and again to be unreliable in the wilderness and during emergency situations in urban areas. Having a backup communication method is essential for contacting others and reaching emergency services when it matters most. ZOLEO offers a durable, reliable, and easy-to-use platform for those who need basic messaging and access to emergency support. While the device does not support voice communication, it costs a fraction of what you’d pay for a satellite phone or for the training and equipment needed for more complex communication systems.
ZOLEO’s ability to function as a stand-alone device can be the difference between life and death in off-grid emergencies. Its capability to turn your smartphone into a satellite-based messaging system opens a wide range of practical and lifesaving uses. Even as modern smartphones begin offering limited satellite features, ZOLEO’s connection to the proven and stable Iridium satellite network makes it the more dependable and capable option.
In the follow-up to his #1 Amazon bestseller, The Guerilla’s Guide to the Baofeng Radio, which details the setup, programming, and use of the Baofeng radio, NC Scout dives into the next logical step of collecting signals intelligence (SIGINT) with common off-the-shelf equipment and how to exploit this information.
“We kill people based on metadata.” –General Michael Hayden, director, National Security Agency
The 411
As the popularity of the Baofeng radio has surged, Scout delivers a deep dive into the world of SIGINT. Communications are the lifeblood of any operation, and this manual lays out how to monitor, collect, and turn raw signals into usable intelligence. The guide is divided into five main sections and two appendices, exploring tools of the trade, targeting methods, collection strategies, and exploitation techniques. It opens with “A Crash Course in the Process of Intelligence,” introducing the concept of collecting information through patterns of life. While many think of these patterns as physical routines — wake times, habits, known associates — the electronic footprint tells just as much. Action indicators, such as unusual transmissions or irregular device usage, can reveal more than what’s visible on the surface.
The next section breaks down “Tools of the SIGINT Trade.” A simple setup can start with a compass, a basic receiver, and a Baofeng. Scaling up brings more capability but also requires more investment and skill. As the saying goes, “Speed costs money — how fast do you want to go?” The guide outlines gear such as spectrum analyzers, software-defined radios, and other advanced tools. The third segment zeroes in on what may be the most critical element of SIGINT: the antenna. It explains the different types, when to use them, and how to build improvised versions in the field. From there, the material moves into collection and targeting, emphasizing the importance of building a signals baseline before making any moves. The final section ties everything together with tactical signals exploitation. Once you’ve gathered your intelligence, it’s time to decide what to do with it. You can remain passive, take indirect action, or engage directly — either overtly or covertly.
The Verdict
The Guerilla’s Guide to Signals Intelligence is a must. Scout lays out the process in an understandable way to anyone without prior experience. SIGINT is a powerful weapon that has toppled numerous governments but is frequently misunderstood and, therefore, overlooked. I highly recommend this book. Scout is the pseudonym of a former member of one of the U.S. Army’s premier reconnaissance units with two combat deployments to Iraq and one to Afghanistan. He runs Brushbeater Training and Consulting, which teaches courses on small unit tactics, communications, and survival based on skills he learned while serving to prepare people for uncertain times ahead. He is the owner and senior editor of American Partisan and can be found on his podcast, Radio Contra.
About The Book
Book & Author: The Guerilla’s Guide to Signals Intelligence Written By: NC Scout Publisher: Independently published MSRP: $24.99, paperback Pages: 132 URL: brushbeater.store or amazon.com Rating: Thrive | Survive | Die
After I turned 50, I got it into my head that I wanted a brand-new vehicle, not used, just once in my life. Our minivan was about 22 years old and Midwestern winters had taken their toll on the body, so it was time for an upgrade.
We ended up buying a dealer’s demo model that had fewer than 2,000 miles on it. It has so many gadgets and gizmos, I feel like I’m piloting a spacecraft. While we’re still learning how everything works, I wanted to get the van outfitted properly for the numerous road trips we have planned. I think one of the best parts about getting a new-to-you vehicle is customizing it for your needs. Enter the AP Premium Bag from KY Handcrafted. AP stands for All-Purpose, and that’s precisely what this bag is. It’s the ideal size for any number of assignments. I picked one up a few months back without a specific use in mind. I just recognized that it would be great in several different roles.
Once we got the new van, the first thing I did was grab the AP Bag to build a small emergency kit. We’ve got a lot of travel lined up, including some multi-state trips where we’ll be away from home for a week or more. The goal for this kit is simple: keep essential emergency items close at hand and easy to find. This isn’t a doomsday setup — it’s for the curveballs, like an unexpected overnight in the middle of nowhere. An all-purpose bag for an all-purpose kit, right?
The AP Bag Premium edition features two Velcro panels on the inside, as well as a high-vis interior color to make it easier to find what you need.
The Bag
There are two models for the AP Bag, Basic and Premium. They’re both the same size, running 12 inches long, 8 inches tall, and 6 inches wide. Both are constructed from 1000D Cordura. They each have 1.5-inch carry handles as well as a 1.5-inch-wide shoulder strap. The carry handle straps go all the way around the bag, rather than just being stitched into place at the top. The shoulder strap attaches via G-hooks, so it’s easy enough to remove as needed.
The AP Bag, Basic or Premium, is available in Multicam, Multicam Black, Ranger Green, and Woodland Camo. The Basic is also available in straight black. I went with Multicam Black, simply because I wasn’t sure what role the bag was going to play at the time of purchase. I figured it was a good middle-of-the-road option between the available patterns.
Where the bags differ are with a few bells and whistles that are included at the Premium level, which is the bag we’re featuring here. The Premium’s interior is a high-vis color, and there are Velcro panels for attaching aftermarket pouches or pockets. The exterior has a zipper pocket on one side and an open top pocket on the other. There is also PALS webbing on one side so you can add an exterior pouch if desired.
Along the top is a Velcro strip where you can add a name tape. I ordered my name tape from an outfit called armynavywisconsin/CollarsUSA on Amazon. They did great work and only took a few days to get it shipped out to me.
What’s in the Bag?
The beauty of sticking to a smaller bag for a survival or emergency kit is that it forces you to think hard about each potential addition. You find yourself paring things down to the bare necessities, rather than filling it with a ton of luxuries right off the bat. The intention of this kit is to provide for our basic needs for a short period of time. This isn’t any sort of run to the woods to live off the land kit.
One of my primary goals as I put this together was to avoid buying anything special for the kit. I wanted to assemble it using only gear and supplies that I already had on hand. Fortunately, as a longtime preparedness author and instructor, I’ve accumulated quite a bit of miscellaneous stuff over the years.
After use, the Sawyer Mini water filter will dry nicely thanks to the mesh-sided Water Purification Kit Pouch from Tuff Possum Gear.
Water Filtration
Clean water is a critical survival need. We typically have at least one gallon of potable water in the van with us, along with a couple of refillable water bottles. But there’s always the possibility that we’d need more H2O in a bad situation. To that end, the first thing I put into this kit was a Sawyer Mini. I keep it in a Water Purification Kit Pouch from Tuff Possum Gear. It has a mesh front panel, allowing the contents to air dry between uses.
This Battarix Power Card is a last-ditch option to charge a cell phone or similar device if there are no other power sources available.
Battarix
In an ideal world, we’ll be able to charge our phones using the van. However, emergency kits are intended for less-than-ideal conditions. The Battarix is a small lithium battery that’s pre-charged and ready to go for either Android or iPhone. It has an eight-year shelf life and takes up very little space.
The Model 1 from White River Knives is perfect for a kit this size. The Victorinox Swiss Tool Spirit Plus has a small ratchet and bits secured in the leather pouch
Knife
This is the element of the kit where I struggled the most. As a certified knife nut, it was difficult for me to narrow down the choices. Whenever possible, I gravitate toward a fixed blade rather than a folder, simply because there aren’t any moving parts to get fouled. I eventually landed on the Model 1 from White River Knives. It’s on the smaller side, but with plenty of blade to get the job done.
The fire kit is contained in a Belt Pouch from Tuff Possum Gear. All of this and more can fit inside. The Pull Start Fire is the last resort option, because it’s a one-and-done item.
Fire Kit
This is another area where I have to be careful, as it’s easy for me to go overboard. I’m an admitted fire bug, and I tend to pack heavy for this category. I started with an Exotac titanLIGHT, as that provides immediate flame. For a secondary ignition source, I tossed in a ferrocerium rod from Black Beard Fire Starter, along with a Corona carbide sharpening tool, which generates massive sparks from the ferro rod. For tinder options, I included a tin of Fiber Light from Outdoor Element as well as a handful of Fire Plugs from Black Beard Fire Starter. Finally, as a Hail Mary fire starting option, I put in one Pull Start Fire fire starter. This is a self-contained unit that works amazingly well. You tie it to a log in your fire build, pull a cord, and the box ignites. I also have an extendable fire bellows to help nurse the fire along as needed.
Multi-Tool
A ton of great options are available. I went with the Victorinox Swiss Tool Spirit Plus with the ratchet accessory pack. It all fits into a nice leather pouch to keep it organized. I’ve used this model a fair bit over the last few years, and it’s always performed well.
Flashlight
I’ve been fairly brand loyal to Streamlight for about a decade now. Nothing against any other brands, of course, but I own 15 to 20 different Streamlight products and not a single one has let me down. For this kit, I went with the MegaStream USB. It features 1,800 lumens and 26,000 candela on the highest setting. I can crank that down to 150 lumens and 2,100 candela in situations where I don’t need to cast shadow puppets on the lunar surface. Being USB powered, I could use that Battarix lithium battery to charge it in a true emergency.
SnapLights
I tossed in a couple of Cyalume SnapLights to use for signaling for help after dark. They don’t require batteries or charging, last upward of 12 hours upon activation, and are plenty bright enough to get someone’s attention if I need to flag someone down.
First Aid
This is a weak spot for this kit. The first aid pouch has a random assortment of adhesive bandages, OTC meds, gauze, and such. I’m going to revamp this kit to be far more comprehensive, as well as better organized.
Cordage
This is always handy to have available. You never know when you’ll need to attach one thing to another thing. I have a couple of options available in that regard. A hank of paracord is great for so many applications. I also took some duct tape and wrapped it around an old gift card, then put that into a small Ziploc bag to keep the adhesive from picking up dirt or lint.
Shortcomings
As packed right now, I’ve not taken advantage of the interior Velcro panel. I should probably add a couple of pouches or pockets to the inside of the AP Bag, to provide for some organization to the contents. But as I stated at the outset, I wanted to put this kit together without buying anything extra. I only have a few Velcro pouches and they’re currently in use with other bags. I also need to up my game when it comes to the first aid kit. Admittedly, I went the lazy route with this one and plan to revisit it soon.
The kit has no food, but that’s by design. I live in an area that experiences very hot and humid summers as well as winters that are well below freezing. These conditions aren’t conducive to storing foods for any real length of time. However, given that this kit is just meant to get us through an overnight at best, I’m not too concerned about snacks. The AP Bag itself, though? Zero complaints, no notes. It’s aces all around.
Final Thoughts
I can wholeheartedly recommend the AP Bag. It’s made right here in the United States by a craftsman who genuinely cares about his product line. It’s a small outfit, but the quality is off the charts. I own several products from KY Handcrafted, and each one is the real deal.
Pack Stats
MAKE & MODEL: KY Handcrafted AP Bag
Dimensions: 12 by 6 by 8 inches
Material: 1000D Cordura
MSRP: $119
URL: kyhandcrafted.com
About The Author
Jim Cobb is a nationally recognized authority on disaster readiness. He has been involved with preparedness for nearly 40 years and has developed a reputation for his common-sense approach to the subject. In addition to his numerous books and several hundred magazine articles, Cobb is one of the cohosts of the How to Survive 2025 podcast. He offers a free weekly newsletter called The Survival Weekly Dispatch (jimcobb.substack.com/).
Knives by Nuge hit the scene a few years back with a variety of fixed blades designed for hard outdoor use, including hunting, fishing, bushcraft, and general wilderness survival tasks. Knives by Nuge owner and bladesmith Tom Nugent incorporates his personal passions for the great outdoors and former profession as a police officer into each design to create highly functional purpose-driven knives. Combining his thoughtful design process with a meticulous eye for detail and dedication to constantly improving his products led to early success with his well-known Wicket model. While the Wicket remains a popular and versatile knife for outdoor, hunting, and EDC use, Nugent’s own experiences using his Wicket XL when hunting led to the creation of the latest Knives by Nuge models, the Bruin and the Cub.
The Cub retains the design features that drive the performance of the Bruin, but in a compact form factor.
Origins of the Bruin
As Nugent tells it, he was processing a deer using one of his personal Wicket XL’s, and it was doing a good job. However, at times, he wished he had a longer and slightly narrower blade. For the average joe, that may have simply been a passing thought. But for Nugent it was something that burned in his brain for the rest of the trip. If he was looking for a better experience while processing game, then chances are his customers would be too. Upon his return from the trip, Nugent set out into his small New Jersey shop to bring his idea to life. Taking some inspiration from the handle of one discontinued model and the blade shape of another, Nugent came up with a sketch and fired up his belt grinders to create the first prototype of what would eventually become the Bruin.
Both the Bruin and Cub ship with leather sheaths made by Badger Claw Outfitters. The Bruin is made for belt carry, while the Cub is made for pocket carry.
Prototype Testing
Testing begins with Nugent using the knife not just for its intended purpose but for all kinds of EDC and outdoor tasks. The Bruin was to be an excellent option for hunters and fishers, but he wanted to ensure that it was a functional all-around user. The second phase of testing involved having a group of trusted professionals use the knife. I was fortunate enough to be a part of this group and honored to play a small role in bringing an excellent knife to the market. The result of our testing of the original Bruin prototype brought about some minor changes in blade length and changes in the handle design. Quite a few of us also mentioned that the design would make a great bushcraft knife if it had a Scandi grind.
The DCC clip on the Cub sheath allows comfortable and secure pocket carry similar to a folding pocketknife.
The Final Model
The result of over 18 months of development, prototyping, and testing was the finalized Bruin being offered in both a saber grind geared toward hunting and general use, and a Scandi grind for those looking for a more dedicated woods knife. The finalized version of the Bruin featured a 3.75-inch blade with an overall length of 8.25 inches. Nugent opted to utilize premium CPM-3V blade steel for its incredible durability and edge retention.
Like all outdoor-oriented Nuge knives, the Bruin has a 90-degree spine for striking ferrocerium rods and performing general scraping tasks. The standard handle scale options include assorted Micarta or G10 options for positive grip retention and durability, though several one-offs with unique and exotic handle materials pop up from time to time.
The Bruin is an adventure ready do-all adventure knife.
From Bruin to Cub
During the testing process some of the finalized Bruin prototypes had custom-made Kydex sheaths. While the Bruin does fit in the pockets of tactical or outdoor-oriented pants, it is a bit unwieldy for EDC carry, but what if the Bruin was smaller?
For those unfamiliar with archaic middle Dutch, the word “bruin” means brown, but it is most associated with the name of a bear in folklore. With that, Nugent decided the natural name for a smaller Bruin would be the Cub.
Like its larger predecessor, the Cub experienced an intensive process of brainstorming, prototyping, and testing. While this ran slightly shorter at around 12 months, shrinking a knife is a lot easier than it sounds. Shortening the blade is one thing, but keeping the same ergonomic feel on a smaller handle requires significant testing and tweaking to ensure it remains comfortable in different-sized hands and maintains the same feel in use.
The Cub made its debut at Blade Show Atlanta 2025, with positive reception from both Knives by Nuge regulars and those passing by the booth and seeing Nugent’s knives for the first time.
The Cub fits in well with any EDC lineup due to a compact form factor and versatile design.
A Versatile Outdoor Tool
I have been using a Scandi grind version of the Bruin for many months now as one of my primary outdoor knives. As one would expect with a Scandi, the Bruin does an amazing job in wood processing tasks. The Scandi blade bites into wood, making it easy to remove both large and small amounts during carving tasks. The contoured G10 handle scales offer great grip in wet or dry conditions and combined with the 3.5-inch blade make detailed work quite manageable.
Recently, I attended an event with iconic knife designer and jungle guide Joe Flowers. During the event, Flowers guided me through performing some knife-related wilderness survival tasks with the Bruin, and I found the 3/32 inch CPM-3V blade to be ideal for performing tasks like batoning, snapcutting saplings, and harvesting fatwood.
Unlike many production knives, the Bruin features a hand-ground 90-degree spine, which makes striking ferro rods easy, which in turn makes the essential wilderness survival skill of fire starting using natural materials much easier.
Nugent with his prototype Sheepsfoot Cub. (Photo by Reuben Bolieu)
The EDC Option
Performance-wise the Bruin can absolutely handle all your day-to-day tasks like cutting open boxes, piercing that annoying hard plastic packaging that some electronics come in, or slicing your apple at lunchtime. But at 8.25 inches you may find your coworkers and local soccer moms giving you some sideways glances in urban and suburban environments. Of course, that is where the Cub comes in.
Starting from an EDC perspective, the Cub differentiates itself from its larger predecessor in a few ways. First, the overall size is 1.25 inches smaller than the Bruin, and the blade is a whole inch less. From an EDC standpoint, most people will not miss the extra inch of blade found on the Bruin. Many may even find the smaller Cub easier to manipulate for general EDC tasks. This will make you look a little less like John Rambo when you are using it in public. The Cub also differentiates itself in carry method. While the Bruin comes with a leather belt sheath, the Cub ships with a leather Pocket Sheath. Although a belt sheath is convenient for carry and accessibility in the woods, it tends to stand out at your local ice cream parlor. Carrying a smaller fixed blade in your pocket, it is far easier to be discreet and conceal to avoid unwanted attention.
The two grinds currently available for the Bruin and Cub are Scandi and saber. The Scandi grind is ideal for processing wood and bushcraft tasks, while the saber grind is a great all-around performer.
Scandi vs. Saber Grind
It is commonly known that a Scandi grind is great for wood processing, making it a favorite among bushcrafters. Then, there are those who state Scandi grinds do not perform well in other tasks that require slicing capabilities like game processing, food preparation, and many general EDC tasks. I’m here to tell you that generations of Scandinavian people would disagree with the naysayers, and so do I.
One of the main concerns people have with Scandi grinds is that they tend to have a sharp and toothy, yet somewhat fragile edge, which could absolutely impact the ability to slice and lead to edge damage in certain situations. To combat this, many production knives add a secondary micro bevel to increase edge stability, and one could argue that these grinds are not true Scandi grinds anymore. Knives by Nuge takes a slightly different approach. Instead of adding a secondary micro bevel with a belt sander, Nugent uses a powered leather strop to provide a bit more edge stability while preserving the very sharp edges of traditional Scandi grinds. I’m not here to argue the benefits of either method, but I can say that I have used my Bruin to process both plants and animals, prep camp meals, and just general use in the kitchen during my initial testing, and it performs well in all tasks.
In outdoor use, the Cub is easier to manipulate and control in finer carving tasks and more detailed plant and animal processing tasks. The blade stock is the same across both models, so I wouldn’t expect to see any difference in durability. However, you may find yourself missing that extra inch of blade when processing large animals and batoning wood.
For long-term hard-use tasks, I found the larger handle of the Bruin to cause less hand fatigue, but that is in no way saying that the handle of the Cub is uncomfortable. In regular use, both knives are comfortably ergonomic, provide great grip, and have no hot spots that I could identify.
The saber grind is more than capable of processing wood, but it will perform better in slicing tasks found in game processing and most EDC tasks. Neither grind is inherently better; it just depends on the intended use. For most people, the saber grind will be a better option for EDC and hunting and the Scandi will perform better for bushcraft and carving tasks.
Nugent and his girlfriend, Lauren, are the people behind Knives by Nuge. While Nugent is making knives Lauren is managing customer service, running the laser engraver, and boxing up orders.
Closing Thoughts
Should you get a Cub or Bruin? This really depends on what you are looking for in a knife. If you want a solid EDC knife with significant outdoor chops, the Cub is a great choice. If you are looking for a dedicated midsized outdoor do-all knife, the Bruin is the clear winner. My opinion: If you are an avid outdoors person, you should get both.
I really enjoy working with both knives alone but found that they complement each other very well in outdoor situations. When foraging, processing wood, or prepping a woodland meal, the Bruin is an excellent workhorse for the harder-use tasks, and the Cub really shines when doing more detailed work. This sentiment is echoed by my hunting-oriented associates who have tested both models when processing a kill. They mention relying on the Bruin for its longer reach and the using Cub for areas of the animal where more precise cuts are needed.
The Knives by Nuge Bruin and Cub are both excellent examples of knife designs that come from an experienced knife user. They both pack features that make them an ideal choice for avid outdoors people, but the sized-down Cub allows for double duty as an EDC knife.
Nugent executes his designs well by incorporating premium materials and exceptional fit and finish on every one of his knives. The Wicket family may currently reign as king in the Knives by Nuge lineup, but the sleek design and utilitarian performance of the Bruin and Cub may soon rise to the same level of prestige.
Sparks fly while Tom Nugent is grinding one of his handmade knives.
I don’t think I’m going out on a limb when I say most of us have a love-hate relationship with modern communication. We’ve never had more tools to connect, but somehow, we’ve never felt more isolated. It’s ironic, right? Texts, DMs, group chats, public posts — it’s all supposed to bring us closer. But, somewhere along the way, a lot of us forgot how to actually talk to each other.
That’s what this issue attempts to tackle. Not just radios, not just apps, not just emergency signals or digital workarounds — we’re digging into what it really means to communicate, both on the airwaves and face-to-face. Because being able to clearly say what you mean and understand what someone else is trying to tell you might be the most important skill any of us can develop. It doesn’t matter if you’re stuck in the woods with a busted ankle, caught in a crowd during a crisis, or just trying to keep your community from falling apart at the seams, your words matter.
During my early Army days, I learned that lesson the hard way. Shout-out to anyone who’s had the pleasure of training at the Disney Barracks in Fort Knox. Our drill sergeant had a real poetic way of hammering in life lessons. One of his greatest hits? Group punishment. Every time someone screwed up, the whole platoon dropped for push-ups. And we weren’t just doing them in silence. On the way down we had to yell, “Attention to detail!” On the way up? “Teamwork is the key!” Over and over again until the words were burned into our brains — and our triceps. It wasn’t just about discipline or pain tolerance. He was teaching us that if we couldn’t get the little things right and couldn’t talk to each other effectively, we were useless as a team. That lesson still sticks.
Inside this issue, we cover the full spectrum of communication, starting with radios that bounce signals off the ionosphere, courtesy of our friends at Wyoming Survival. Then, we bring it all the way back to eye contact and posture with Craig Caudill’s breakdown of human behavior and how to read the room. Mark Linderman speaks directly to community leaders, sharing tips on how to deliver life-saving information when every second counts. And Dr. David Miller gives an honest look at what it’s like to be on the receiving end of public panic, with practical advice on how everyday folks can make an emergency responder’s job easier. Of course, we’ve also packed in plenty of gear worth shouting about and featured a few off-grid destinations where you can finally put your phone on airplane mode without an ounce of guilt.
So, yeah, communication might seem like a soft skill, but it’s got teeth. It builds trust. It smooths over conflict before it turns into something worse. It helps teams function, families stay close, and complete strangers save each other’s lives. If there’s one thing we can all commit to improving this year, I’d say this is it. Let’s get better at saying what we mean, hearing what others are saying, and meeting somewhere in the middle before the signal gets lost.
When you’re building out a rig that’s got to perform on the trail and look good doing it, there’s a balancing act between form, function, and longevity. Aggressive tread design, sidewall styling, and real off-road capability usually mean you’re sacrificing something—but that doesn’t need to be durability and long-term value of your tires.
We dug into the warranties behind the most aggressive-looking, off-road-ready all-terrain tires on the market. These aren’t mall-crawler specials. Every tire here is offered in both hard metric and LT metric sizes with 35” overall diameter options and 3PMS-certification for year-round confidence. Whether your setup leans overland, pre-runner, or heavy-duty daily with a weekend trail schedule, these tires are made to look tough and work even tougher.
Top All-Terrain Tire Comparison
Here are the A/T tires we stacked up:
Nitto Terra Grappler G3
BFGoodrich All-Terrain T/A KO3
Falken Wildpeak A/T4W
Cooper Discoverer AT3 XLT/LT
Mickey Thompson Baja Boss A/T
Yokohama Geolandar A/T4
Toyo Open Country A/T3
Mileage Warranty Breakdown
Tire Model
P/Hard Metric Warranty
LT/Flotation Warranty
Nitto Terra Grappler G3
70,000 miles
55,000 miles
BFG KO3
N/A
50,000 miles
Falken Wildpeak A/T4W
65,000 miles
60,000 miles
Cooper Discoverer AT3 XLT
60,000 miles
60,000 miles
Mickey Thompson Baja Boss A/T
60,000 miles
50,000 miles
Yokohama Geolandar A/T4
65,000 miles
55,000 miles
Toyo Open Country A/T3
65,000 miles
50,000 miles
Top Performer: Nitto Terra Grappler G3
The Nitto Terra Grappler G3 takes the win here, offering the highest mileage warranty of the bunch—70,000 miles on hard metric sizes and a solid 55,000 miles for LT/flotation. For an A/T that delivers aggressive curb appeal and all-terrain capability, that’s a serious standout.
It’s not just about surviving the daily commute, either. The G3 delivers stable highway manners while still packing the beefy shoulder blocks and deep sidewall lugs you want when the asphalt ends. For enthusiasts who demand both looks and longevity—whether it’s hauling gear, towing toys, or chasing trails—it’s the rare combo that doesn’t ask you to choose.
New Terra Grappler G3 Sizes
16-inch wheel
17-inch wheel
18-inch wheel
20-inch wheel
22-inch wheel
LT245/75R16
225/60R17
LT265/60R18
245/60R20
275/50R22
245/75R16
245/65R17
255/50R20
LT285/75R17
LT305/70R17
Deciding Which A/T Tire Works for You
From daily drivers to work trucks and beyond, your tires have a lot rolling on them. When most of your driving time is spent on-road, today’s aggressive all-terrains strike a near-perfect balance of capability, looks and solid performance you can trust no matter where you drive. Choosing your tire purchase carefully can mean you get years more of wear.
For our money, the Nitto Terra Grappler G3 brings the best blend of style, performance, and mileage-backed confidence. If you’re modding your rig for weekend adventures and weekday reliability, this tire keeps you rolling longer—and looking good doing it.
If you were a kid in the ’80s with a fascination for survival skills and big knives – chances are, Rambo: First Blood had something to do with it. That iconic survival knife, with its sawback spine and hollow handle packed with emergency gear, made us all believe that if we just had that knife, we would be a survival master like John Rambo. Since then, the concepts around survival knives have changed changed. The steels used, the handle materials, the shape of the blade now favor a more utilitarian approach. Many of us still have that old hollow handled, sawtooth spine survival knife in our collection, but we often take something different into the field when camping, backpacking, hiking, or practicing our bushcraft skills. It is hard to fund a knife packs all the features that a bushcraft enthusiast or survivalist need in a single fixed blade – but for me, The Genesis from LT Wright Knives is a fixed blade that just seems to get everything right.
STEEL NERDS REJOICE
Knife enthusiasts will typically want to know “what kind of steel” does a knife have, as a starting point of any knife review, so let’s start there. The LTWK Genesis uses A2 steel. A2 steel is sometimes referred to as a “tool steel.” That means it is used in the manufacturing of some tools, and has a high durability rating. Unlike it’s cousin, D2 steel, A2 sharpens easily, and is not as hard on your sharpening equipment. A2 is more corrosion resistant when compared to many other tool steels due to the presence of chromium, which should give some comfort to those who plan for long bug outs in the wilderness in extreme conditions – or for those of us who accidentally left it out in the rain one night.
A2 also has some advantages of working well in extreme temperatures without breakage, which is also a consideration for those who operate in the desert or artic ecosystems.
A2 steel alloy composition (chromium, nickel, vanadium, carbon, manganese, molybdenum, sulfur, phosphorous, copper, and silicone) allows it to be resistant to many chemicals that could deteriorate and weaken some other steel options. Overall, A2 provides a great balance between durability, corrosion resistance and edge retention. LT Wright expertly heat treats their A2 blades between 57-59 on the Rockwell Hardness Scale to bring out the best properties of this versatile steel.
Okay, so enough “nerding” out on the steel composition – let’s talk practicality. There’s a reason why the LT Wright Genesis is trusted by outdoors people and was the chosen knife for several contestants on Alone.
The LTWK Genesis features a Scandi Grind. That means the “edge” is cut very short, and close to the edge of the blade, in a wedge shape. The advantage of this is a very strong cutting edge, and a thicker overall blade meant to stand up to heavy wood work and bushcraft tasks from carving out tools to batoning firewood. The chances of having a chip or roll in your blade edge with a Scandi Grind are significantly less than other types of grinds that may be more suitable for slicing fruits or other culinary tasks that require more finite work. Though if you are looking for a super slicey version capable of “splitting atoms”, the LT Wright team also makes a flat grind version of The Genesis.
THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE
I like big knives and I can not lie. Oh who am I kidding? I like all knives. Big knives, little knives… size matters not! Except for certain tasks. I find that for camping, I generally prefer a knife that is less than 12 inches but not smaller than 7 inches in total length. For me, that seems to come in at that sweet spot where I can delicately work on my campfire steak, but also work on heavy tasks such as managing my firewood without necessarily having to pull out an axe or hatchet every time I need a couple small logs.
This is especially true when working with a smaller fire pit or something like Solo Stove. I typically carry a folder and a fixed blade around the campsite. When I leave the site for a hike, it is usually the same. Lately I have found that the LTWK Genesis seems to be the perfect size for most tasks. It comes in at 9 inches overall, with a 4.25 inch blade. Big enough to do the job, not so big that it feels like I am carrying a broad sword all day.
RAMBO WOULD HAVE UPGRADED TOO
Back in the 80s we all thought that saw tooth spine was the bees knees. But for those of us who tried it, we found that it looked cool, but wasn’t the most practical saw. If I want a saw, I’ll bust out a saw. Nowadays most knife manufacturers have gone back to more practical utilitarian spine designs. In the case of the LT Wright Genesis, it has a sharpened 90-degree spine that can pull sparks off even the most worn out ferro rods. I’ve even used that spine to scrape some tinder to get my campfire started.
JUST THE TIP!
The LTWK team chose a spear point tip for The Genesis. When it comes to bushcraft fixed blades, I generally prefer either a spear point or drop point. The advantage of the spear point tip is that it has equal strength and durability on both sides as the blade descends to the pointed tip, and when combined with the A2 steel strength and the Scandi Grind for the edge, creates a beefier overall blade, greatly reducing the chances of tip breakage under heavy use.
I’ve stabbed mine into oak multiple times to test it, and didn’t notice any rolls, breaks, or dulling. The advantage of a spear point for survival will stand out when fending off a wild animal attack, or needing to finish off game quickly and mercifully – but I’ve also found that it seems to work perfectly for starting the drill hole on a hand or bow drill for primitive fire making.
IT’S ALL IN THE GRIP SIR
The LTWK Genesis doesn’t cut corners on the handle either. When it comes to knives, I generally prefer G10 on folders and micarta on my full tang fixed blades. The micarta on the genesis is one of those handles that just seems to get more grippy, less likely to slip, when my hands are a little sweaty.
Because of this, it’s also safer to use when wet with rain or game blood, and less likely to slip when compared to a wooden handle. Don’t get me wrong, a classic wooden handle looks amazing, but isn’t my choice for when I am playing weekend warrior and pretending I am Rambo on one of my solo hiking adventures. The top of the handles, near the blade, features ambidextrous “scallops” for when you need a little more control on small cuts or intricate work.
USE THE GEAR TRUSTED BY PROFESSIONALS
So at this point, I should tell the truth. I don’t own one LTWK Genesis – I own two! The first was purchased off my friend Carleigh Fairchild (Alone Contestant, Survival Instructor, and Owner of Human Nature Connection). I first met Carleigh at Georgia Bushcraft after taking a class on how to make cordage from plants. I was asking her about her choice of knife on Alone: The LTWK Genesis. She was selling her signature series Genesis, and I had to buy one. She even signed the box for me! Yes I am nerding out a bit, I am a big fan of hers.
After buying that one, I realized it had to go on the trophy case with my other knives that rarely get time in the woods. I had no choice but to buy another Genesis. You understand right? When I attended Blade Show later that year I stopped by the LT Wright Knives booth, and bought my second Genesis – and that is the one that I carry with me while camping and hiking now.
FEATHER STICKS, SNARES, STEAKS, AND BATONING
I’m not usually a “batoning” guy, but batoning does have its uses! When needing very small wood for a solo stove or something similar, you may need to cut down some logs. I have relied the Genesis more then a few times when I didn’t have a hatchet handy, and it certainly does the trick.
I may not be the best at cutting trigger snares, but it’s something I work on when I have a little free time. I do love to slice feather sticks though, and make kindling and tinder. The Genesis performs fantastic on these types of wood working tasks. What has impressed me the most is that even after a weekend of heavy use, I find that the Genesis has retained an edge, and hardly needs a touch up. In fact, I will confess that I have gone longer than I normally would between sharpening just to see how it would hold up, and it continues to impress me.
As far as food prep goes, The Genesis can absolutely handle the task, cutting through tougher meat with ease, thinly slicing your tomato, and chopping that onion for your camp frying pan. If you are a perfectionist and demand ultra thin slicey capabilities, you may opt for the Flat Grind Genesis instead of the Scandi Grind, but for nearly all cooking tasks, I am extremely pleased with my Scandi.
LIFETIME GUARANTEE
From the LT Wright Knives website: “L.T. Wright Handcrafted Knives is proud of our quality and we warranty all of our products to be free of defects for the life of the product. Skilled craftsmen, who take pride in their work, and intend for your knife to be handed down for generations, make our knives. We cannot warranty a knife against rust and we cannot warranty knives and sheaths against abuse or normal wear and tear.”
So, don’t leave your knife in the Great Salt Lake and call that a defect, that’s “user error.” But otherwise, that guarantee provides a good degree of assurance that the knife should not fail on you under normal use. Good knives cost good money, so it’s comforting to know that it is money well spent.
GOOD THINGS COME IN GOOD PACKAGES
The LT Wright Knives Genesis usually comes with a gorgeous leather sheathe and dangler loop. You can get the version with the ferro rod loop as well, to complete that “Survival Knife” feel that us wannabe- Rambo’s want. Kydex is also available through an order form on their website, and when I shipped my Genesis to them to custom fit my Kydex sheathe, it was completed and returned to me quickly.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The LT Wright Knives Genesis will certainly not be my last knife purchased – but that’s because I’m a collector. For the person looking to buy one knife for camping, bushcraft, or survival it certainly could be “the last knife you’ll ever buy.” The spear point makes it perfect for piercing game flesh or drilling holes for your bow drill base. The sharpened 90-degree spine is perfect for raining a shower of sparks off your ferro rod.
The Scandi Grind cuts through wood and sustains a durable edge, even when batoning, and the micarta handles help keep that knife in your hands even in rainy conditions. It’s hard to find any faults with this knife, and if I had to design something to be my personal bushcraft knife, it would be hard to beat the design of The Genesis. It’s no wonder it’s the choice for many survival instructors and contestants on shows like Alone. I tend to think old John Rambo might have approved as well.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Tom Sarge is a licensed trauma therapist with nearly 30 years of experience, an outdoor adventurer, prepper and survivalist who uses his expertise of the “mind’s response to emergencies” to help people prepare for storms, civil unrest, recession, or even how to survive when lost in the woods. He is the creator behind the YouTube Channels: “Prepping With Sarge” and “The Official Mental Health Matters Channel.” Sarge loves to teach foraging, gardening, review EDC gear, and interview top experts in Survival, Prepping, and Bushcraft to help his audience prepare, survive, and thrive! Sarge has been featured in magazines such as Offgrid/Recoil, and as a guest on numerous podcasts such as Rogue Preparedness Podcast, Round Table Mindset, and Offgrid Podcast. Additionally, as a licensed trauma therapist who works with First Responders and Veterans, he is often travelling for speaking engagements about issues related to mental health. Sarge can be found on YouTube and Instagram as “Prepping With Sarge.”
