Tree Branch Water Filter Developed by MIT Scientists

In the survival world, we sometimes have a tendency to reinvent the wheel. Rather than focusing on learning the tried-and-true survival methods used by primitive survivalists for centuries, we rely on technology to solve our problems. There's nothing wrong with this per se, since technology has a substantial potential to make our lives easier. Rather than rubbing sticks together, we can now spark a fire with a lighter in seconds. However, it's also reassuring to see much of the survival community focusing on getting back to basics.

Improvised tree water filter 4

A colorized electron microscope image showing green E. coli bacteria trapped on the surface of sapwood. Source: MIT News

One interesting development in this vein came from an unexpected place: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This prestigious school has nurtured some of the finest scientific minds of our generation, including numerous Nobel Prize winners. A study performed by a team of MIT researchers has established that the plant xylem found in sapwood can serve as an effective survival water filter, blocking more than 99 percent of E. coli bacteria.

Illustrations from the MIT study. Source: journals.plos.org

If you're not too familiar with plant physiology, the implications of this discovery may be unclear at first. In simple terms, this means that the core of a sap-producing tree branch or twig can be used to filter water and prevent illness. Here's how it works:

  1. Find a pine tree, and cut off a small branch.
  2. Peel away the bark and discard it, so only the inner xylem remains.
  3. Plug or cork a water container with this tree branch water filter, and seal to prevent leaks.
  4. Invert and/or pressurize the container, forcing clean water through the wood, and filtering out bacteria.
Improvised tree water filter 1

A diagram showing the construction of a tree bark water filter. Source: journals.plos.org

According to the study, this simple system can produce up to four liters of clean water per day. The scientists used a plastic tube and hose clamp, then applied 5 psi of pressure to the water vessel to increase flow rate. We imagine this could also be done with a plastic water bottle, some duct tape, and a squeezing motion—just be sure no dirty water seeps around the edges of the wood.

Purpose-built water filters from companies like LifeStraw and Sawyer are great to have in a survival setting, but if you don't have access to these modern conveniences, remember this simple tree branch water filter method.


Breaking News: Ongoing Military Coup in Turkey

A large-scale military coup is currently underway in Turkey, evidently in an attempt to overthrow the controversial administration of Islamic president Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Amateur videos show tanks and soldiers flooding the streets of Ankara and Istanbul, with audible gunfire and helicopters in the background. There have also been reports of bombs detonating at the Turkish parliament building and at Ataturk airport.

Below: In May, fistfights began in Turkish parliament after heated debate over the possible criminal investigation of certain politicians. The tensions have only worsened since then.

Mainstream media sources within the country attempted to cover the military coup at first, but military members allegedly took control of several of these outlets. In one case, a CNN Turk live broadcast was halted on air, as soldiers stormed the room and took broadcasters hostage. As a result, official reports are sporadic and inconsistent at the present time. CNN stated that there is currently “little independent confirmation on anything coming out of Turkey”.

Below: Turkish protesters gather in the streets, as military members fire weapons into the air and attempt to disperse the crowd.

According to the Turkish Press Office, president Erdogan told the media, “the ring leader who plotted all of this will pay the price in front of the nation.” Erdogan has declared members of the coup as terrorists, and laid the blame on followers of political rival Fethullah Gulen, who resides in a remote compound in Pennsylvania. However, Gulen has denied any involvement in the military coup. Erdogan also says that law enforcement has started arresting military officers of various ranks.

Update: The Turkish Prime Minister has told CNN that the the coup has failed, that “the government is in full control”, and that “rogue military aircraft have been shot down”. Other sources say it's still unclear who has control.

For more updates on the military coup in Turkey, check the CNN Live Feed. Alternatively, you can refer to the Reddit live feed for instant updates (note: some of these updates may be inaccurate or may contain graphic content, as they are user-submitted).


Unboxing and Tasting a 1952 Food Packet MRE

Modern MREs, or meals ready to eat, are typically well-liked by survivalists. These compact military food rations are self-contained, long-lasting, and calorie dense, making them an excellent source of food for civilian bug-out bags. An average MRE today contains a veritable cornucopia of munchies: an entree, side dish, dessert, cracker and spread, beverage mix, candy, flameless heater, utensils and seasonings.

meals-ready-to-eat

At the same time, many of us poke fun at MREs due to their less-than-gourmet taste and tendency to cause gastrointestinal distress (“meals ready to excrete“). However, we shouldn't forget how good we have it these days. Back in the 1950s, MREs were nowhere near as sophisticated as they are now. In fact, back then, a military ration wasn't called an MRE—it was known simply as a food packet.

Food Packet 1952 MRE 2

Back in 1952, rations included not one but TWO types of cigarettes.

If you need some evidence to prove how far military food rations have come, we have just the thing. In the YouTube video below, host Steve1989 unboxes an extremely valuable mint-condition food packet from 1952. Unboxing this time capsule in a tin shows all the contents, and Steve then proceeds to taste-test some 64-year-old cookies—don't try that part at home.

Here's a recap of the contents:

  • Date cookie bars
  • “Cocoanut” cookie bars
  • Apple cookie bars
  • Sweet chocolate bars
  • Jelly bar
  • Chicks candy-coated chewing gum
  • Phillip Morris cigarettes
  • Camel cigarettes
  • Matches
  • Bouillon powder packets
  • Coffee and tea packets
  • Sugar cubes
  • Waterproof plastic bag
  • 8-page survival manual

Food Packet 1952 MRE 1

We'll admit we cringed a little seeing Steve consume crumbling, ancient ration bars. Still, it's pretty interesting to put our modern MREs into historical perspective. We'd take modern beef stew in a plastic pouch over chalky food bars any day of the week. Even if smokers miss the free cigarettes, it's hard to deny that survival food has clearly come a long way in the last six decades.

If this sort of thing interests you, Steve has dozens of other vintage military ration videos to watch. Check them out here.


Learn to Love Backpacking in the Rain

Rainy weather can be a real drag—but only if you let it. On one hand, if you're in a cotton t-shirt, jeans, and flip-flops, you're going to be drenched and uncomfortable. On the other hand, with the right level of preparedness, gear, and mindset, being outside in the rain can actually be a fun experience. You just need to think ahead and make a point to be ready.

Backpacking in the rain 1

Dave Collins of CleverHiker.com posted a video on YouTube titled, “Learn to Love Backpacking in the Rain”. This 9-minute video is packed with helpful tips about staying warm and dry. However, Dave also recognizes that there are some cases where it's OK to get a little wet. For example, wearing thick rain pants and heavy waterproof boots can slow you down and trap sweat against your skin.

One point in this video that we'd take issue with is the suggestion to wear damp wool socks for multiple days. If possible, you should always dry out your socks, or at least ensure your feet can air-dry thoroughly overnight. Keeping your feet in a constantly damp environment can lead to pruning, blistering, cracking, or even trench foot (which can develop in as few as 13 hours).

Backpacking in the rain 4

The most important point that Dave makes in this video is to keep a positive mental attitude. This decision can make the difference between being miserable and actually enjoying your time outdoors—regardless of what Mother Nature has in store.


Infographic: 12 Tips for Sleeping Outdoors

In a survival or bug-out situation, you won't have access to a nice cushy king-size mattress and a roof over your head, unless you're lucky enough to bug out in an RV. Realistically, you probably won't even have access to a tent, since they can be too heavy or bulky for most bug-out bags. So, it's fairly likely you'll end up sleeping under the stars—not that there's anything wrong with that.

Few of us

Few of us have access to this sort of bug-out setup.

When you're sleeping outside, it may be difficult to get a good night's rest, especially if you're unprepared for the challenges this poses. Fortunately, Therm-a-Rest has composed this useful infographic that shows 12 tips for sleeping outdoors. Some are more obvious than others, but if you combine all of them, you should be able to get some proper shut-eye and awake feeling refreshed.

Tips for sleeping outdoors 1

Tips for sleeping outdoors 2

Tiring yourself out shouldn't be a problem, unless you're really doing something wrong. However, we like the tips about regulating your temperature by wearing a hat, sleeping in a light base layer of clothes, and giving your sleeping bag time to expand after unrolling. Choosing a flat campsite also makes a substantial difference.

If you're looking for a lightweight alternative to lugging around a tent or sleeping on the ground, check out our previous articles on hammock camping. A hammock is fast to set up, only weighs a few pounds, and can be stuffed into your bug-out bag with relative ease. Of course, hammock camping brings its own difficulties, too—read more about how to sleep well in a hammock here.


Survival Scenarios: Flashlight or Firearm?

Welcome to another entry of Survival Scenarios, where we ask you how you’d handle a difficult choice in a hypothetical survival situation. Previously, we asked whether you'd go barefoot in order to keep your bug-out bag, and also whether you’d rather be adrift at sea or stranded in the barren desert. Today we'll be posing another difficult survival choice, and asking your opinion in a poll at the end of this article.

How would you rather survive for one week: with a loaded handgun and no light source, or with a flashlight and no dedicated weapon?

Firearm or flashlight night alley

You may think this sounds like an easy choice, but don't jump to conclusions just yet. Before you answer, we’ll provide some more information on the circumstances. As with previous Survival Scenarios, in either case, you’ll need to survive for 7 days (and nights), and you’ll be alone.

The Location

Firearm or flashlight seattle day

When the weather is clear, the Seattle area can be beautiful. However, it's also notorious for heavy rain.

You will be surviving on the suburban streets of Everett, Washington, just north of Seattle. Our scenario takes place in December, so there only will be approximately 8 hours of usable natural light each day. The remaining 16 hours will be twilight or total darkness.

Firearm or flashlight seattle at night

During the short days of winter, residents of the northwest rely heavily on the power grid to provide light.

Also, even if you've never visited the Seattle area, you'll surely know its reputation for rain and inclement weather. In this scenario, that reputation will be taking full effect, as a major rainstorm has been drenching the region for days. Even when the rainfall lets up briefly, the skies remain gloomy and dark grey. Widespread flooding and power outages have begun to affect much of the Everett area, and the storm appears to be rapidly getting worse.

Firearm or flashlight water fog

December is also typically the coldest month in coastal Washington, so temperatures will be hovering in the mid-40s during the day, and dropping to the mid-30s at night (plus wind chill). It's not snowing, but it's still freezing cold, windy, and wet outside.

The Setup

It's 3:30pm and your flight just landed at SEA-TAC airport. As a result of the weather, it was a rough landing, but you're relieved to be on the ground.

Firearm or flashlight clouds

You'll be in town all week for a business conference, which is located just north of Seattle. Your stingy employer didn't want to spend extra to get you a hotel room in the city, so they got you a cheap sub-compact rental car and booked a hotel room in Everett. It's over 20 miles from the conference venue, but they were able to save a few bucks on T&E—figures.

After grabbing your luggage from the baggage carousel, you check in with an apathetic employee at the rental car desk, and head out to find your car. Stepping out into the damp parking structure, you notice it's already getting dark, and it's not even 4:00 yet. A raincoat-clad woman directs you to your rental car, cautioning you about the incoming weather, and you drive away into the rain.

Firearm or flashlight water raindrops

On the freeway, your rental car is buffeted by sheets of driving rain. At this point, you're navigating more by your phone's GPS app than by road signs, since visibility is minimal. After a nerve-racking 40-minute drive, you eventually exit the freeway, which is practically devoid of vehicles at this point. After a few empty blocks, you notice the street lights are out and the water level on the road keeps getting deeper.

Firearm or flashlight water flooding 2v2

You enter an intersection, planning to turn around, only to feel your rental car's engine sputter and stall. The headlamps and dashboard lights cut out, leaving you stranded in darkness, with only the sound of rain hammering your windshield and roof. You realize you need to get out of here, and the car certainly isn't going anywhere under its own power.

Opening the car door, you watch as water rushes in around your ankles. That can't be good. You step out of the car, and slosh through knee-deep water in the twilight to unlock the trunk. Lifting your luggage under one arm, you wade to the side of the road, and climb onto an elevated brick wall to evaluate your situation. It's still pouring rain, your cell phone battery is nearly dead, and you haven't seen anyone else on the road for several miles.

Worst of all, you're stuck in unfamiliar surroundings at night, and you're not sure how to get to your hotel—which is probably already flooded like the other nearby buildings.

The Decision

Firearm or flashlight water flooding

In this survival situation, you're left with the following resources:

  • The clothes on your back—jeans, a long-sleeved shirt, a pullover jacket, a light raincoat, and some high-top boots (thoroughly soaked)
  • Your nearly-dead cell phone (now showing “No Signal”), rental car keys, a pen, and about $100 cash in your wallet
  • In your suitcase: several sets of dress clothes, a toiletries kit, phone wall charger, and a laptop

None of these items will do you much good at this point. However, there's one thing in your suitcase that will help:

Firearm or flashlight

One way or another, you're going to have to find your way to somewhere dry, and weather the storm. With the current state of your surroundings, and what you heard of the weather forecast earlier, you could easily be stuck here for days.

The Firearm

On one hand, the concealed pistol will provide immediate security. Wandering dark and unfamiliar streets in a flood zone is dangerous enough on its own, not to mention the risk of looters and opportunistic criminals noticing your presence. You recall reading that this area has a moderate violent crime rate, but theft is a major problem in some parts of town, and there's a substantial homeless population.

handgun-in-holster

However, if you choose the firearm, you'll find that you left your flashlight at home. Target acquisition at night will be nearly impossible without a light source, and the power appears to be out for miles in all directions. No streetlights, and virtually no moonlight due to thick cloud cover. You'd be flying mostly blind, but at least you'd be able to protect yourself with deadly force if it came down to it.

The firearm will certainly be more useful during the daylight hours, but remember that those 8 hours pass quickly at this time of year.

The Flashlight

On the other hand, a flashlight will provide an immediate advantage for navigating to a safer location. If you can wade through the flood waters for a few blocks, you might be able to find a safer spot to hole up for the night.

The flashlight will almost certainly draw the attention of anyone nearby, for better or worse. If that individual is friendly, they may be able to help you to safety. Then again, if that individual has less benevolent intentions, you'll be forced to defend yourself as best you can.

In a confrontation, the light can temporarily disorient attackers, or can be used as a striking implement up close. It's certainly better than fighting with your bare hands, but it's not nearly as effective as a gun would be. Physical confrontation may seem unlikely, but there's no telling what could happen if a desperate person sees you as a vulnerable tourist.

So, make your choice of either flashlight or firearm in the poll below, and feel free to justify your decision in the comments section.


Survival Scenarios is a recurring feature on OFFGRIDweb.com, and will ask you to make a difficult choice between two or more hypothetical situations.

We don’t just want you to read our posts silently—we want to hear what you have to say. That’s why we’re working hard to provide more interactive content like quizzes, polls, and giveaways. Got any suggestions? Post them in the comments below, or head over to our Facebook page.


Primitive Technology: How to Build a Grass Hut

Most people have a favorite TV show or series—one that makes them eagerly anticipate the release of each new episode. As survivalists, this is the sort of excitement we feel every time Primitive Technology releases a new bushcraft video. This Australia-based YouTube channel only contains 18 videos, which may not seem like a lot, but watch one and you'll quickly realize it's focused on quality over quantity.

Primitive technology build a grass hut 1

In his latest video, the host of Primitive Technology builds a grass hut using nothing but sticks, rocks, vines, and (of course) grass. It's truly impressive to see something so effective built from such simple materials, and it speaks volumes about the host's craftsmanship. We also appreciate that these videos don't have any unnecessary voice-overs or music—just the sounds of the wind and primitive tools.

Primitive technology build a grass hut 3

This sort of improvised shelter would work well in warmer areas, and its stacks of grass shingles will shed water in case of a sudden rain storm. The host also built a removable roof section, which would permit the use of a small fire inside the 8-foot by 8-foot shelter.

Check out the video below:

If you haven't already been following the Primitive Technology YouTube channel, we'd encourage you to go check it out. But, be warned—it's easy to binge-watch.


Breaking News: Officers Down in Dallas Shooting

A gun battle occurred in downtown Dallas tonight, during a protest over the recent line-of-duty police-involved shootings of Philando Castile and Alton Sterling. Protesters were marching through the city, when gunfire erupted from the second-story of the nearby El Centro College parking garage.

Below: Footage of the protests, shortly before the shooting occurred. Source: Dallas Police Department / Twitter

Initial reports from Dallas PD indicate ten officers have been shot, and five have been killed. According to a Dallas PD press conference, three suspects (one female and two males) have already been detained and are currently being interviewed about possible involvement. As of approximately 12:30AM Dallas time, officers were still negotiating with a fourth armed suspect in the El Centro parking garage.

Below: Amateur video from Streamable shows protesters clearing the streets as police move in and gunshots ring out.

Police Chief David Brown stated in the press conference that the suspect “has told our negotiators that the end is coming, and he is going to hurt and kill more of us, meaning law enforcement, and that there are bombs all over the place in this garage and downtown”.

More updates on the Dallas shooting can be found by checking the Dallas Police Department Twitter feed.


MOLLE and PALS: What’s the Difference?

Survival gear is often a bit of a word salad filled with acronyms and slang. So, we like to take every opportunity we can to demystify the terminology, and clear up any misconceptions that may exist. Learning about survival skills and gear should be accessible to anyone, rather than some exclusive club where you're left out if you're unfamiliar with the lingo.

Triple Aught Design FAST Pack EDC

Two terms we hear used frequently in the survival and prepping world are MOLLE and PALS. Usually, you'll hear that a backpack has “PALS webbing” or that a pouch is “MOLLE compatible”. Confusingly, sometimes you'll hear just the opposite—”MOLLE” and “PALS” are often used interchangeably.

So, what the heck is the difference between “MOLLE webbing” and “PALS webbing”? Are they really the same thing with two different names? Not necessarily, but read on to understand where the confusion arises.

MOLLE vs PALS backpack webbing 1

A soldier wearing U.S. Army-issue MOLLE gear, including a rucksack. Photo: U.S. Army / Wikipedia

First, let's define these terms. MOLLE (pronounced like the name Molly) is an acronym for Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment. It is a proprietary form of military gear designed by Natick Labs, produced under contract by various manufacturers, and used by the U.S. Military and other NATO forces. MOLLE gear is typically based around a Tactical Assault Panel (or TAP), which is a load-carrying chest rig or vest.

Remember the M in MOLLE stands for modular, and you'll understand what it is: a system of modular gear components (vests, backpacks, pouches, etc.) that attach to each other.

This backpack illustration features PALS webbing highlighted in red.

Now, this is important: the MOLLE system includes PALS webbing. PALS stands for Pouch Attachment Ladder System, and it's the horizontal grid of repeating fabric webbing strips often found on backpacks and bags. According to the PALS standard, these strips are spaced 1 inch apart, and sewn to the backing at 1.5-inch intervals.

j-tech-gear-heracles-operation-backpack

So, in a nutshell, PALS is a type of webbing, and MOLLE is a type of modular gear that attaches via this webbing. Given this info, it's technically incorrect to say gear has MOLLE webbing, because it would actually have PALS webbing and would thus be MOLLE-compatible. There's no such thing as “MOLLE webbing”, but most people will know what you mean if you say this—the type of webbing found on MOLLE gear.

It's likely that MOLLE and PALS terms will continue to be used interchangeably, but now you know that there's a difference between the two.


Paracord Problems: 6 Bad Practices to Avoid

Paracord is an amazing material, especially if you know how to use it. It can form ultra-strong bracelets, necklaces, keychains, zipper pulls, handle wraps, and all sorts of other items—and all of these can be unraveled and re-purposed as cordage in a survival situation. Learning to use paracord as more than a simple rope can also be fun, and it provides a worthwhile pastime during periods of boredom. Best of all, being able to make your own paracord goods can save you money, since you won't have to buy those goods elsewhere.

Paracord problems 3

Left: a hasty overhand knot. Right: a much neater lanyard knot. Source: Paracord Guild

However, as with any new skill, there are some paracord problems and bad practices to be aware of. These mistakes can cause beginners constant frustration, and result in sloppy-looking finished products. In some cases, they can even pose a safety hazard.

Paracord problems 2

The ball-and-loop method can cinch down and pose a strangulation hazard when used in necklaces. Source: Paracord Guild

Paracord Guild is one of the leading sources of paracord-related information and tutorials, and they have provided a list of six common paracord problems faced by beginners. Here's a high-level summary of the six issues they noticed:

  1. Using an improper or sloppy knot to finish a lanyard
  2. Burning or singing the cord accidentally
  3. Underestimating the amount of paracord needed
  4. Securing necklaces with a ball-and-loop closure
  5. Melting cord ends together
  6. Buying paracord in small quantities, instead of in bulk

If you've experienced any of these issues, we'd encourage you to go check out the full article from Paracord Guild. It provides more insight into why these problems matter, and gives some excellent solutions to each one.